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民俗學視域下苗族獨木龍舟競渡文化研究

A Cultural Study of Dragon Canoe Race of the Miao Nationality with a Perspective of Folklore

摘要


貴州苗族獨木龍舟歷史悠久,其競渡文化表現形態因古樸、獨特現已被列入國家非物質文化遺產保護名錄。本文試從民俗學的視角,運用其研究方法對獨木龍舟所依存的文化空間和族群特徵進行實地調查;記錄整理其歷史淵源和與文化相關的民俗事象;追蹤各種儀式場景。研究目的以揭示獨木龍舟與自然、宗教信仰、圖騰崇拜間內在聯繫,從新的視角認識其文化特質和價值。研究發現:清水江既是世居兩岸苗胞賴以生存的生活空間,也是他們舉行獨木龍舟儀式的文化空間。每年選在特定的時間和空間舉行龍舟賽事是為祭天敬神拜祖先,以祈豐收求平安。原始的民族宗教信仰源於當地傳統的生活形態和苗家人對「龍」的圖騰崇拜。古樸的龍舟由有形和無形的兩種不同文化形態所表現,有形的表現形態(龍舟、銅鑼、服飾、操舟等)屬文化的「邊界」,而各種祭祀活動、身體技能等心意現象的無形表現形態則是文化的核心。結論:獨木龍舟文化圈的形成充分體現出苗家「天人合一」的生存理念;水是當地人的生存之源,每年雨季來臨時舉行龍舟賽事等祭祀活動源於對萬物有靈的自然崇拜和祈保一方水土平安,苗族獨木龍舟原生態文化的深層是宗教信仰;參與各種祭典、賽事並通過身體可表現出本民族生生不息的人文精神。

並列摘要


The dragon canoe of the Miao nationality in Guizhou has a long history, and its expression of race culture has listed in the list of non-material cultural heritage protection because it is ancient and unique. From the perspective of folklore and by the research method of folklore, this paper provides a description of an on the spot investigation of the cultural space and ethnic features of the dragon canoe. The author observes various ritual scenes and records and arranges systematically its history and folklore phenomena related to the culture. This paper shows the internal relations between dragon canoe and nature, religious beliefs and totem worship for the purpose of acknowledging the cultural trait and value from a new perspective. Research findings reveal that Qingshui River is not only the place for the natives of the Miao nationality to inhabit, but also the cultural space where they hold dragon canoe race ritual. Every year, the dragon canoe race, held at certain time and place, is to worship the god and their ancestors for the purpose of obtaining a good harvest and getting rid of disasters in the coming year. Original religious faith of the Miao nationality originates from the local traditional lifestyle and their totem worship towards "Loong". The primitive dragon canoe represents two different culture types both tangible and intangible. Those tangible expressions, such as dragon canoe, gong and drum and clothes, belong to the "boundary" of culture, while those intangible expressions, such as different kinds of sacrifice activities and body technique which reflect people's wills, are the core of culture. The paper concludes that the formation of cultural circle of dragon canoe fully reflects the Miao people's life notions that man is an integral part of nature. Water, for local people, is the source of life. Therefore, before the coming of rainy season every year, native people's holding dragon canoe race and other fetes originate their belief that all things have spirit and also express their pray for a good life without mishap. So the Miao people's original dragon canoe culture is religious belief, and the participation of various rituals or races shows the native Miao people's everlasting humanistic spirit.

參考文獻


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