運動世界的「勝」與「敗」－價值論的辯證

運動世界中「勝」之價值，並非只能依規則上的判定，還有許多無法窺見的精神與美感，若不將之分解，如此龐雜的因素使筆者無法探尋「勝」的價值。因此，本文循著笛卡兒及康德的腳步，先以笛卡兒的方法規則，將「勝」分解為「參與運動的動機」及「運動的規範」，再將「參與運動的動機」分解為哲學家麥肯泰爾 (MacIntyre) 的「內存善」與「外存善」；「運動的規範」分解為「形式公平」及「非形式公平」。並將此四個面向，依康德的三類道德：一、「真正的道德」兼具有美感與崇高感；二、「名義上的道德」只具有美感；三、「道德的假象」不具美感及崇高感，來加以檢驗。再以真實的運動故事加以對照探究，最後，導入康德主張的「人的三種生命」，並以追求精神生命為終點。探究出運動世界中「勝」之價值，並非以外在規範加以評判，而是人與運動世界互相交錯的感知與感受，且價值無法被事實替代，價值應建立在真正的道德之上。康德認為我們所感受到的都只是「現象」並非「物自身」，然而我們必須透過不斷的建構實在（現象），才能更接近真正的實在（物自身）。筆者撰寫本文的動機，並非否定運動世界中對「勝」的追求，是以期望藉由筆者的建構，能讓讀者更接近運動世界真正的價值。

關鍵字

康德；勝；美感；崇高感

並列摘要

The value of ＂win＂ in sports world cannot simply be determined according to rules, and it also includes a lot of invisible spirits and aesthetics. If sports world is not decomposed, such complicated factors make it impossible for the author to explore the value of ＂win.＂ Therefore, according to the concepts proposed by Descartes and Kant, this study decomposed sports world by using the methods and rules of Descartes. Firstly, this study decomposed ＂win＂ into ＂motivation to participate in sports＂ and ＂sports regulations.＂ Secondly, this study decomposed ＂motivation to participate in sports＂ into ＂internal good＂ and ＂external good＂ proposed by the philosopher MacIntyre, and decomposed ＂sports regulations＂ into ＂formal fair play＂ and ＂informal fair play.＂ Moreover, this study also tested the four dimensions according to Kant's three principles of morality： 1) ＂true morality＂ (währe Tugend) with both senses of aesthetics and sublime; 2) “nominal morality” (adoptirte Tugend) with only sense of aesthetics; 3) ＂moral illusion＂ (Tugend scheinen) without senses of aesthetics and sublime. Thirdly, this study performed comparative investigations on true sports stories. Lastly, this study introduced the concept of ＂three kinds of life of human beings,＂ and used the pursuit of spiritual life as the end. According to the investigation results mentioned above, the value of ＂win＂ in sports world should not be judged according to external regulations, and it is the intertwined perception and feeling between people and sports world. Besides, value cannot be replaced by fact, and it should be established on true moral. Kant’s philosophy suggests that what human beings perceive is merely ＂phenomena,＂ instead of ＂thing-in-itself.＂ Human beings cannot approach the true authenticity (thing-in-itself) unless they constantly construct authenticity (phenomena). The author’s motivation to write this paper is not to deny the pursuit of ＂win＂ in sports world, but to enable readers to get closer to the true value in sports world with the author’s construction.