土地重生：花蓮港口阿美土地歸還與復耕行動

本文從多重聚合的角度討論1980年代以來，港口部落的勞動結構從農轉向工的過程裡國家開發政策帶來的影響與衝擊，以及這個過程裡港口阿美人與土地之間的關係和當地人如何以行動因應這些轉變。我認為港口阿美人爭取土地歸還並興起復耕行動有兩個層次的意義：首先，就外在層次而言，他們在抗爭場域裡伸張土地主權，進而重新實踐農耕生活，重建與土地的連結關係。再者，對港口內部而言，復耕行動不純然只有橫向與外界連接的政經意涵，當面對現代性境況時，縱向的時間面向上，它亦展現與傳統重新連接的意義。然而，復耕行動也帶來一些矛盾，這些矛盾為港口埋下了變遷的種子。港口阿美人的土地歸還之所以值得探討，除了他們藉由復耕抵抗政經力量的衝擊，更重要的是，這樣的抵抗形式未必完全是對外與國家力量正面對峙，尚有對內回歸到日常農耕的實踐這種更深層的認同與自省。同時在本文我要陳述的是港口的土地歸還與復耕和回流的阿美人有很深的關係，這些旅外新世代的外地經驗為行動注入不一樣的思維與實踐。原住民族的外移或離散經驗時常會為原鄉注入新的銜結或發展契機，所謂的弱者未必只能悲觀地以迂迴的抵抗方式面對強權。換言之，本文的主軸即是討論港口阿美人如何進行土地歸還與復耕行動，並在對外表達土地主權時對內反思文化主體性。

關鍵字

港口阿美；土地；抵抗；農耕；離散

並列摘要

This paper looks at the influence and impact on the indigenous village of Makutaay of national development policies promoting a transition in the labor structure from agriculture to industry since the 1980s, as well as the relationship between the Pangcah people of Makutaay and the land and how they took action to respond to these changes. There are two dimensions to consider in regards to the indigenous Pangcah in the village of Makutaay reclaiming their land and their subsequent efforts to resume cultivating that land. First, from an external point of view, they recreated a connection with the land initially through their protests to reclaim the land and then through their efforts to engage in agricutlure on that land. Furthermore, from the point of view of the Makutaay villagers themselves, the ramifications of their renewed cultivation of the land was not restricted to the horizontal political and economic connections with the outside world, but rather had another dimension, that of a vertical temporal reconnection with tradition in a modern setting. At the same time, though, the resumption of land cultivation resulted in certain conflicts arising in the village which sowed the seeds for possible future changes. The return of land to the Pangcah of Makutaay village is worth considering not just because they used the opportunity to begin cultivating their land once again as a means of resisting the impact of outside political and economic forces. More importantly, this form of resistance is not necessarily simply directed at external and national forces, but rather involves a deeper level of reflection about identity through the return to agricultural practices. Likewise, in this paper I want to show that the return of land to the Makutaay Pangcah and their resumption of cultivation are intimately related to the return of the Pangcah to their homeland. Their experience as migrant workers in the modern economy brought different ways of thought and practice to their actions. The experience of emigration and diaspora among Taiwan's indigenous peoples has often resulted in the creation of new connections and possibilities for development for their homeland and opened up new possibilities for the marginalized to move beyond pessimistic and passive resistance to the powerful. To put it another way, this paper's main focus is both on how the Makutaay Pangcah successfully regained their land and resumed cultivation of it, and how they engaged in an internal discussion about cultural autonomy at the same time as advocating for their autonomy over their land.