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清華大學化學工程學系學位論文

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  • 學位論文

癌症於臨床上的主流治療方法可分為三種,分別是手術切除、放射線治療以及化學治療。當癌細胞還未擴散時,直接經由手術切除腫瘤部位或使用高能量的放射線毒殺癌細胞,都有良好的治療效果;而當癌症擴散後,則需進行全身性化學治療,將抗癌藥物經由口服或靜脈注射投藥,使藥物經由血液循環到達癌症部位,進行毒殺癌細胞作用。於臨床上常見的抗癌藥物像是阿黴素(Doxorubicin),俗稱小紅莓,因為它對於多種癌症皆有治療效果所以被廣泛使用,但其所伴隨的嚴重副作用則是會造成心臟衰竭。為了解決上述所遭遇到的問題,許多團隊研發將Doxorubicin包覆於微脂體內部,降低對心臟的傷害,像是市售藥物Doxil®或是ThermoDox®,但是Doxil®的藥物釋放速率慢,藥物無法有效的被釋放出來;而ThermoDox®雖然可以藉由局部升溫刺激微脂體有效釋放藥物,但在血液循環中無法保持穩定。為了進一步克服市售藥物所面臨到的問題,本研究提出利用微脂體包覆具有溫度敏感性的碳酸氫銨(ammonium bicarbonate)與抗癌藥物Doxorubicin,於37℃下保持穩定,但是在局部升溫至42℃時,包覆於微脂體內的碳酸氫銨遇熱會迅速分解成氨、水以及二氧化碳氣體,此時產生的二氧化碳氣體會干擾微脂體脂質雙層的穩定性,使包覆於微脂體內的藥物快速釋放出來,達到毒殺癌細胞之效用。碳酸氫銨也可藉由主動載藥法(remote-loading)將Doxorubicin包覆在微脂體的親水核心,由實驗結果可以得知,其Doxorubicin包覆率可達到93.8%。因此,本實驗開發的藥物載體不僅可穩定包覆藥物,並且在局部升溫時,包覆於微脂體內部的碳酸氫銨會快速分解產生二氧化碳干擾微脂體穩定性,利於藥物釋放達到治療效果。

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  • 學位論文

本研究針對硫酸銨(Ammonium Sulfate)廢液分離系統進行分析與評估,含鹽類的溶液系統的準確模型與精確的熱力學數據一直都是工業界渴望取得的資料,原因在於鹽類溶液系統存在於大量的製程中,其中含高濃度鹽類的溶液系統的分離程序需要這些數據來進行蒸餾塔的設計,該系統被稱為混和溶劑鹽類系統(Mixed-Solvent Electrolyte System)。溶液系統中鹽類的離子作用力影響了整個溶液系統,解離後的離子以不同比例分布於各個溶液中,其中溶解後的鹽類傾向於存在於特定單一成分產生鹽析現象(Salt-Out),這現象使得具有揮發性的雙成分溶液系統的相對揮發度、蒸氣壓與溶液之間的溶解度造成改變,鹽類溶液系統的液氣平衡與溶液系統(不含鹽類的溶液)造成偏差,因此進行分析前必須選用合適的熱力學模型來描述溶液系統的偏差。本研究主要關注於含鹽類溶液的蒸餾程序,其中溶液系統含有有機物(Polymer、Methanol)、水與鹽類硫酸銨,主要考慮的成分為水、甲醇與硫酸銨,其中硫酸銨含35wt%;製程目標為有效率的分離甲醇與硫酸銨水溶液,期望於塔頂回收95wt%甲醇、塔底甲醇殘留低於0.1wt%。本研究利用模擬與實驗來進行分析並交互佐證,首先採用簡化的方法來進行蒸餾塔的模擬並推測蒸餾系統的分離效率,為了確保蒸餾塔塔底再沸段實驗操作上不會於液相中產生鹽類固體的析出,更進一步利用VLE(Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium)實驗與蒸餾實驗進行相態與bubble point上的比對。混和溶劑鹽類系統的模型尚需大量的實驗數據來進行佐證,其中含高濃度鹽類的溶液系統實驗中鹽析現象增加了擷取數據的困難,本研究藉由實驗設備設計面與操作技巧來減緩實驗中氣液介面鹽析的產生,成功取得液氣平衡條件下的實驗數據,實驗結果與模型值十分接近,確認了熱力學模型的準確性,液相中不會有鹽類析出的現象使得塔的操作上不會產生鹽類固相堵塞管線的情形。

  • 學位論文

在熱電元件的製作過程中,會使用軟銲技術來連接不同的金屬材料,而不同金屬相連接會發生界面反應,生成介金屬相。介金屬相的產生可能會影響熱電材料的性質,或造成銲點的機械強度下降,因此在製程中會使用阻障層鎳,防止銲料與熱電材料反應。本研究探討無鉛銲料中主要元素錫,與阻障層鎳對n型及p型商用組成之熱電材料(Bi0.25Sb0.75)2Te3、Bi2(Te0.9Se0.1)3,及其二元系統Sb2Te3、Bi2Te3、Se2Te3在250 oC的界面反應。在Sn/(Bi0.25Sb0.75)2Te3與Sn/Sb2Te3的界面反應中,在短時間時均生成單一層生成相SnTe + Liquid相。當反應時間增長,SnTe + Liquid相會增厚,且在靠近基材端會出現Sn3Sb2與SnTe的深淺交錯排列條紋,而Sn/(Bi0.25Sb0.75)2Te3反應偶中還會出現Bi白點析出。 在Sn/Bi2(Te0.9Se0.1)3界面反應中,生成深灰色SnTe相及白色Bi6Te7與BiTe相,Se並未參與反應。其二元系統Sn/Bi2Se3界面反應生成SnSe及BiSe相;Sn/Bi2Te3之反應速率十分快速,約59 μm/min,生成不平整之SnTe + Liquid相。在Bi2(Te0.9Se0.1)3材料中,Se含量雖只佔材料中的6%且未參與反應,卻使Sn/Bi2(Te0.9Se0.1)3與Sn/Bi2Te3界面反應之生成相及反應速率有很大的差異。 在Ni/(Bi0.25Sb0.75)2Te3固/固反應中,生成深灰色NiTe相及不連續之白色塊狀相,為(Bi,Sb)2Te3相。其中NiTe相機械性質不佳,易在研磨過程中碎裂。Ni/Bi2(Te0.9Se0.1)3反應偶則生成NiTe相及白色的BiTe相。Ni在此反應偶中擴散較快,所生成之介金屬相也較厚。Ni的快速擴散及所生成的介金屬相,可能會影響熱電元件的性質以及可靠度。

  • 學位論文

軟銲是電子產品最主要之連接技術,在軟銲的過程中,銲料熔湯與基材濕潤,隨後溫度下降,銲料合金凝固生成銲點。銲點的生成相與銲點的性質息息相關。Sn-Ag合金是市面上最常見的商用銲料,研究上發現微量Co的添加可以有效改善過冷與提昇銲點機械性質。Ni是最常用的擴散阻障層材料,Co則被視為有潛力的材料,近日則亦有以Co-Ni為擴散阻障層之研究。在使用Sn-Ag-Co軟銲合金與Ni-Co擴散阻障層之製程中,除了介金屬相之生成外,亦會有部分基材融入銲湯,形成Sn-Ag-Co-Ni金屬熔湯。了解Sn-Ag-(Co)/(Co,Ni)界面反應以及Sn-Ag-Co-Ni熔湯固化行為,對銲點之品質十分重要。液相線投影圖為探討固化重要工具,因此本研究探討Sn-Ag-(Co)/(Co,Ni) 界面反應中其中一種Sn-Ag/Co的界面反應,並測定Sn-Ag-Co-Ni四元系統於富Sn區之液相線投影圖。Sn-Ag-Co-Ni四元系統,由Sn-Ag-Co、Sn-Ag-Ni、Sn-Co-Ni和Ag-Co-Ni四個三元系統組成。文獻中目前並無Sn-Co-Ni系統的液相線投影圖,因此本研究先行探測Sn-Co-Ni液相線投影圖,然後再探討富Sn區之Sn-Ag-Co-Ni四元系統液相線投影圖。成果顯示Sn-Co-Ni三元系統之首要析出相都為末端相或二元的介金屬相,分別為β-Sn、CoSn3、CoSn2、CoSn、(Ni,Co)3Sn2、(Ni,Co)、Ni3Sn4、與Ni3Sn相。其中(Ni,Co)3Sn2為Co3Sn2與Ni3Sn2之連續固溶體,但是並未發現有三元化合物相為首要固化析出相。Sn-Ag-Co-Ni四元系統的部分,於95at.%Sn以及90at.%Sn皆有四個相區,分別是Ag3Sn、CoSn2、CoSn與Ni3Sn4相,而相區的邊界則有明顯的差別。界面反應方面於250oC液/固界面反應時CoSn3相為Sn-Ag/Co之主要界面生成相。200oC、150oC的固/固界面反應則是有兩種介金屬相生成,分別是CoSn3相以及Ag3Sn相。除此之外銲料中Ag的含量會影響此兩種介金屬相的生長。

  • 學位論文

本論文主要針對高分子系光阻合成與分析進行研究,可分為三部份,第一部份研究乃是利用三種環氧樹脂中環氧基(glycidyl group)的反應性,合成含有羧基並具有光反應性丙烯酸酯基的負型光阻寡聚高分子(negative-tone photoresist prepolymer),再將部份羧基與甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(Glycidyl methacrylate,GMA)進行反應,以導入更多的光反應性官能基,以增強樹脂的感光性,並使用1H-NMR與 IR進行此一系列樹脂的結構鑑定。鹼液可顯影的負型光阻劑(alkaline-development negative-tone photoresist)乃是由上述合成樹脂、光起始劑與光反應性單體等成份組成,三種樹脂接上GMA後,在感度測試上,皆有明顯增加,其中phenol novolac改質的紫外光硬化樹脂,具有最佳的感度。在解析度測試上,經由SEM觀察,皆可達到10 μm或更好的解析度。將合成樹脂調配成PCB光阻劑。實際應用在工業測試上,接枝上GMA的cresol novolac型的感光樹脂與phenol novolac型的感光樹脂,具有比商業產品優異的感度,同時也通過其他的PCB光阻劑測試。 第二部份研究為開發新型光敏感預聚高分子(photosensitive prepolymer),使用甲基丙烯酸甲酯(methyl methacrylate,MMA),甲基丙烯酸(methacrylic acid,MA),苯乙烯(styrene)及羟乙基甲基丙烯酸甲酯(2-hydroethyl methacrylate,2-HMA)以自由基反應聚合而成具有酸根的共聚合體,PMMSH (poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid -co-styrene–co -2-hydroethyl methacrylate)),再以GMA與部份酸根反應,使共聚合體增加壓克力感光官能基成為光敏感預聚高分子,稱為PMMSHgG,並使用NMR及IR確認結構及官能基,並配成光阻可得到感度曲線及感光圖像。以此樹脂與乾式可剝塑溶膠及丙烯酸單體和光啟始劑混合,形成具有曝光顯影性的負型光阻,接著塗裝於銅箔基板(copper clad laminate)上,經過低溫預烤,使塗料變成無沾黏性(tackfree)的固態,使用具有圖形的底片, 置於此固態薄膜上經UV曝光(能量為400 mJ/cm2)後,以1% Na2CO3鹼液進行顯影,其Stouffer 21-step sensitivity guide可達9階及解析度為3.17 mil的圖像。再以此配方選用合適的PVC乳化共聚粉進行預烤,曝光與後烤得到無殘膠的可剝膜。此光阻薄膜可應用作保護膠,用於一些須要暫時保護的精密區塊,在製程結束後僅需要用物理力量即可移除,可避免使用化學剝離製程(如使用NaOH水溶液浸泡)而傷害被保護區域或其他零組件的問題。 第三部份研究是利用四甲酸二酐單體(3,3’,4,4’-benzophenonetetracar -boxylic acid dianhydride)及兩種二胺單體(4,4’-diamino-3,3’-biphenyldiol,HAB與2,4-diaminophenol dihydrochloride,DAP),合成一系列的聚醯胺酸(poly(hydroxyl amic acid)),並將丙烯酸酯基團接枝於其上,以獲得聚丙烯酸酯醯胺酸(poly(acrylate amic acid))。此poly(acrylate amic acid)具有可UV曝光及顯影之功能,因此可當做負型聚亞醯胺光阻(negativetone photosensitive polyimide,PSPI)樹脂。合成物經由核磁共振光譜(NMR)、傅立葉紅外線光譜(FTIR)及膠體滲透層析儀(GPC)進行化學結構及分子量的鑑定。在測定中發現poly(acrylate amic acid)分子量隨HAB含量增加而增大,原因為HAB比DAP反應性大因此聚合度增加。本研究亦利用上述合成物與其他功能性佐劑混合以調配高解析之負型聚亞醯胺光阻劑,主要成份是以PSPI光阻與poly(acrylate amic acid)為樹脂、2-benzyl-2-N,N-dimethylamino -1-(4-morpholinophenyl) butanone (IRG369)與異丙基噻吨酮為光啟始劑、tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate為交聯劑,再以三溴甲基苯基碸為感光助劑,經由相關測試後,可得知此PSPI光阻劑之感光性(photosensitivity)為200 mJ/cm2與contrast為1.78,然而在300oC的亞胺化(imidization)反應後,可觀察到解析度為10 μm的顯像圖。

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  • 學位論文

In mixed run processes, typical in semiconductor manufacturing and other automated assembly-line type process, products with different recipe will be produced on the same tool. Product based run-to-run control can be applied to improve the process capability. The effect of product-based controller on low frequency products is, however, minimal, due to inability to track tool variations. In first work, we propose a group and product based EWMA control scheme which combines adaptive k-means cluster method and run-to-run EWMA control to improve the performance of low frequency products in the mixed run process. Similar products could be classified into the same group adaptively and controlled by a group EWMA controller. The group controller is updated by both low frequency products and similar high frequency products; so that low frequency products can be improved by shared information from similar large frequency products. However, the high frequency products are controlled by individual product-based EWMA to avoid interference of the low frequency products. The advantages of proposed control scheme are demonstrated by benchmark simulation and reversed engineered industrial applications. The performance of EWMA RtR controllers is affected by the values of the selected tuning parameter. In practice, the tuning parameter usually remains unchanged, resulting in sub-optimal performance. In second work, we propose an adaptive-tuning method for a G&P EWMA controller to improve the control performance. The G&P EWMA controller is developed for mixed run processes. We show that the optimum tuning parameters for the next run of this G&P EWMA controller are obtained online using a window of historical input–output data. The performance improvement due to the proposed method is demonstrated by a simulation example and an industrial application. Run-to-Run control algorithms for high-mix semiconductor processes typically require that the initial product state estimates have sufficient accuracy for satisfactory control. In third work, we use historical process data and apply single observation just-in-time adaptive disturbance estimation (JADE) to find the initial product state estimates. Single observation JADE with random selection, high frequency sampling and exclusion of the earliest data from the average is shown to provide satisfactory initial product state estimates. The effect of initial state estimate accuracy is demonstrated by several simulation and industrial data examples. We also provide a method to estimate relative confidence between individual product state estimates, information that may be used to determine assignment of process error between the tool and product state.

  • 學位論文

Calcium (Ca2+) plays a crucial role in maintaining intestinal protease activity and forming the apical junctional complex (AJC) that conserves epithelial barrier function. Ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) is a Ca2+–specific chelating agent. To maintain the concentration of this chelator in areas where enzyme inhibition and paracellular permeation enhancement are needed, the first part of this study synthesized a poly(γ-glutamic acid)–EGTA conjugate (γPGA–EGTA) to form nanoparticles (NPs) with chitosan (CS) for oral insulin delivery. The results of our molecular dynamic (MD) simulations indicate that Ca2+ ions could be specifically chelated to the nitrogen atoms, ether oxygen atoms, and carboxylate oxygen atoms in [Ca(EGTA)]2- anions. Through chelating Ca2+, γPGA–EGTA conferred a significant insulin protection effect against proteases in intestinal tracts isolated from rats. Additionally, calcium depletion by γPGA–EGTA could stimulate endocytosis of AJC components in Caco–2 cell monolayers, which led to reversible opening of AJCs and thus increased their paracellular permeability. Single-photon emission computed tomography images performed in the biodistribution study clearly show the 123I–insulin orally delivered by CS/γPGA–EGTA NPs in the heart, aorta, renal cortex, renal pelvis and liver, which ultimately exerted a significant and prolonged hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats. These experimental results confirm that the γPGA–EGTA conjugate is a promising candidate for oral insulin delivery. The second part of this study examined the feasibility of preparing above-mentioned pH–responsive NP system composed of CS and γPGA–EGTA for oral insulin delivery in diabetic rats during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). OGTT has been used largely as a model to mimic the period that comprises and follows a meal, which is often associated with postprandial hyperglycemia. Based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), this work also demonstrated the ability of γPGA–EGTA to preserve insulin from an intestinal proteolytic attack in living rats, owing to its ability to deprive the environmental calcium from the intestinal lumen. Additionally, EGTA–conjugated NPs were effective in disrupting the epithelial tight junctions, accordingly facilitating the paracellular permeation of insulin throughout the entire rat small intestine. Furthermore, results of positron emission tomography (PET) and computer tomography (CT) verified the effective absorption of the permeated insulin into the systemic circulation as well as promotion of the glucose utilization in the myocardium, and skeletal muscles of the chest wall, forelimbs and hindlimbs, resulting in a significant glucose–lowering effect. The above consequences imply that as-prepared EGTA–conjugated NPs are a promising oral insulin delivery system to control postprandial hyperglycemia and thus may prevent the related diabetic complications. Current insulin therapy via subcutaneous administration can lead to occasional hypoglycemia and peripheral hyperinsulinemia, owing its inadequate glycemic control and nonphysiological route. The third part of this study evaluates the feasibility of using bovine insulin and exendin-4 in a form of combination therapy, as orally delivered by nanoparticles composed of CS and γPGA (CS/γPGA NPs), to control blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. Experimental results indicate that CS/γPGA NPs could enhance the intestinal paracellular permeation; consequently, the exogenous bovine insulin and exendin-4 could be delivered into the liver and pancreas, where they could elicit their glucoregulatory activities. In response to the stimulus of exogenously delivered bovine insulin and the endogenously secreted rat insulin stimulated by the ingested exendin–4, significant glucose utilization was found in the cardiac and skeletal muscles, resulting in the glucose–lowing effect. Owing to its synergic stimulation effects, the hypoglycemic effect of oral ingestion of NPs containing bovine insulin and exendin–4 was significantly greater than that of the group solely treated with insulin NPs. The above results demonstrate that oral combination therapy with bovine insulin and exendin–4 improves the modulation of blood glucose levels in T2DM rats, making it highly promising for treating those T2DM patients not adequately controlled by the current insulin therapy.

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  • 學位論文

細胞治療在組織工程與再生醫學領域上,為一相當具有前瞻性的治療方法。曾有研究群利用注射幹細胞的方式進行組織再生治療,但效果有限。其原因為單顆懸浮式的細胞在注射過程中,會有大量細胞流失的現象,且植入的細胞會分散於組織各處,使其治療效果受到限制。在實驗室過去的研究裡,已開發出細胞球體培養系統,並利用此系統製備出大小均一之間葉幹細胞(mesnechymal stem cell, MSC)球體。實驗結果顯示,該細胞球體具有完整的細胞外間質及黏附性蛋白,並在注射後可嵌入肌肉間隙中,黏附於組織內部,故可有效提高移植細胞留存於患部的比例。在本論文中,我們使用上述之細胞球體培養系統,結合人類臍帶靜脈內皮細胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cell, HUVEC)與人類臍帶血間葉幹細胞(cord-blood MSC, cbMSC),製備兩者均勻混和之細胞球體,並將其應用於促進缺血組織血管新生之研究。另一方面,以體外培養方式建立細胞球體時,其內部的細胞可能會因為缺氧而活化低氧誘導因子(hypoxia-inducible factor)及其他與血管新生有關的生長因子。因此我們推測,製備特定大小與細胞密度之球體,使其內部細胞有適當程度的缺氧,能夠讓該球體在植入體內後具有更高的血管新生誘導能力。在體外實驗中,我們製備出均勻混合之HUVEC/cbMSC細胞球體,針對球體大小、細胞密度與缺氧情形等條件進行最佳化,並分析血管結構基因的表現量變化。實驗結果顯示,以10000 cells/well in 85 rpm之條件製備出的HUVEC/cbMSC細胞球體具有最佳的誘導血管新生潛力,因此我們以此條件進行後續的實驗。在體內實驗部分,我們將小鼠股動脈結紮,建立下肢缺血的動物模式後,再將內部處於缺氧狀態之HUVEC/cbMSC細胞球體注射至缺血組織周圍,藉由單光子放射電腦斷層掃描評估治療前後下肢血液灌流的變化情形,並在細胞移植後第十四天進行取樣,實施組織病理切片與免疫染色,評估細胞球體改善組織缺血的能力。動物實驗結果顯示,注射內部細胞有適當缺氧的cbMSC/HUVEC細胞球體可以有效誘導缺血組織的血管新生,改善患部的血液灌流情況,減緩小鼠下肢的萎縮現象。

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  • 學位論文

本研究以治療MCF-7/ADR抗藥性癌細胞為目的,製備出一具標靶功能之溫度敏感產氣式微脂體藥物控釋系統。為了提高細胞對該載體的吞噬效率,並讓系統能藉由胞吞作用直接進入細胞,我們針對MCF-7/ADR細胞膜上的nucleolin蛋白為標定對象,在微脂體外接能標定nucleolin蛋白的適體(aptamer),同時結合載體內部碳酸氫銨的溫度觸發釋藥機制,輔助藥物在細胞內大量釋放。本研究規劃為三個部分:首先是載體系統型態分析、包覆率和藥物釋放行為觀察,以確認其做為一溫度敏感性藥物載體之可行性;接著,探討有無接枝適體之載體被細胞吞噬之能力,並使用顯微鏡追蹤細胞吞噬載體之路徑,以選擇載體適當的釋藥時間點。最後,觀察接枝適體之載體,在不同環境溫度下,攜帶DOX累積於細胞內的情形,及對癌細胞的毒殺效果。而由實驗結果可證實,此系統能有效躲避抗藥性細胞P-gp的抗藥機制,並藉由環境溫度的變化觸發載體藥物釋放,讓藥物在短時間於胞內累積至致死濃度,達到毒殺MCF-7/ADR抗藥性癌細胞的作用。

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