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The Effect of Leverage and Financial Distress on Earnings Management with Good Corporate Governance as the Moderating Variable

Every investor wants his company’s financial statement to be in accordance with the condition of the company. In practice, it often occurs that a company does profit management to attract investors’ interest. The factors which can increase the practice of profit management are leverage and financial distress. The objective of the research was to find out and to analyze the influence of leverage and financial distress on profit management with good corporate governance as moderating variable in banking companies in Indonesia. The research used descriptive explanatory method. The data were gathered by conducting documentary study. The population was 42 banking companies listed in BEI (Indonesia Stock Exchange) and the population target was 30 companies. The gathered data were analyzed by using path analysis with E-views 7.0 Software program. The result of the first model showed that leverage and financial distress simultaneously had positive and significant influence on profit management in banking companies in Indonesia at the coefficient determination (R^2) of 0.1243 or 12.43%. Partially, leverage had positive and significant influence on profit management, and financial distress had negative but significant influence on profit management in banking companies in Indonesia. The result of the second model showed that institutional ownership as moderating variable could not weaken and strengthen the influence of financial distress on profit management and was considered as potential moderation. The result of the third model showed that managerial ownership as moderating variable could weaken the influence of leverage on profit management and was stated as quasi moderation. It can also weaken the influence of financial distress on profit management and was stated as quasi moderation. The result of the fourth model showed that independent commissioners as moderating variable could not weaken or strengthen the influence of leverage on profit management as was stated as potential moderation. Independent commissioners as moderating variable could not weaken or strengthen the influence of financial distress on profit management and was stated as moderating predictor.

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Employee Learning Theories and Their Organizational Applications

Empirical evidence identifies that organizational success hinges on employees with the required knowledge, skills, and abilities and that employees’ effectiveness at learning new skills and knowledge is connected with the kind of learning technique the organization adopts. Given this, this work explored employee learning theories and their organizational applications. Using farreaching literature survey and extensive theoretical and logical argument and exposition. This paper revealed that cognitive-based approaches, non-cognitive approach and need-based approaches play vital roles in shrinking the occurrence of unwanted behaviors and upturning the occurrence of desired behaviors in the organization. Proper application of the theories can induce positive employee behaviors such as task performance and organizational citizenship behavior and consequently enhance both individual and organizational performance. This work has hopefully contributed to the enrichment of the existing relevant literature and served as a useful guide for stakeholders on how they can stimulate positive employee behaviors and the consequent enhanced organizational performance.

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Perspectives on Eco Economics. Circular Economy and Smart Economy

The implementation of sustainable development principles in contemporary economic thinking has generated the conceptual remodeling that expresses the new mechanisms of the economy. Thus, the concept of circular economy meet the theoretical representation of an economic system oriented towards the re-use of waste as raw materials and limiting the production of waste that cannot come back into the economic circuit. Circular economy is one that involves even its concept of operation, recovery and regeneration, as much as possible of resources, aiming to preserve, at the highest level, the value and usefulness of products, components and raw materials, distinguishing between technical and biological cycles. In this way, we can find solutions for two major issues affecting today's economy: the limited nature of resources and the pollution generated by the waste resulting from economic activities.

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The Labor Market from Romania from the Perspective of Migration Phenomenon

Population migration is a real phenomenon that has amplified over the last two decades and will continue to grow as major disparities between regions develop. There are many reasons that generate the trend of population movement. The reasons/ motive that are frequently invoked are the conflictual situation related issues that primarily affect individual security, political and social fragility, economic instability with effects in all areas of activity, degradation of living conditions, and the high risk of terrorism in certain areas. The population migration is not necessarily a bad thing if we are looking through the perspective of chances it offers to both people and the economy as a whole, being also an important factor for the growth of national and international trade. But, the lack of some decisions to control this phenomenon creates long-term imbalances. These imbalances are already extremely visible in the Romanian labor market. Numerous work field have a major staff lack and are need of solutions for doing business under normal conditions. Therefore, the present paper aims at highlighting the main features of the labor market, the country's risks, as well as identifying viable solutions for reducing economic and social imbalances.

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Resilience Thanks to Digital Applications: Driving Force of Regional Development

The English word Resilience appeals in the present days to many disciplines: armament and aerospace, ecology and biology, economy, physics, thermal, psychology, informatics, art and governance. The present article treats the economic definition of the word and its consequences because resilience is the ability to get back on the growth track after suffering a shock.

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Benchmark and Continuous Improvement of Performance

The present Economic Environment is challenge us to perform, to think and re-think our personal strategies in according with our entities strategies, even if we are simply employed or we are entrepreneurs. Is an environment characterised by Volatility, Uncertainity, Complexity and Ambiguity - a VUCA World in which the entities must fight for their position gained in the market, disrupt new markets and new economies, developing their client portofolio, with the Performance as one final goal. The pressure of driving forces known as the 2030 Megatrends: Globalization 2.0, Environmental Crisis and the Scarcity of Resources, Individualism and Value Pluralism, Demographic Change, This paper examines whether using benchmark is an opportunity to increase the competitiveness of Romanian SMEs and the results show that benchmark is therefore a powerful instrument, combining reduced negative impact on the environment with a positive impact on the economy and society.