Theories of empowerment differ in their assumptions about power, which can essentially be differentiated as either liberal, Marxist or post-structuralist. The liberal approach tends to intervene at the individual level while the Marxist and post-structuralist approaches do so at the systemic level. The case of vocational trainers in hospitals is adopted in this study as an example to illustrate the post-structuralist empowerment approach. The strategies of empowerment developed by these trainers include establishing peer support and dialectic relationships, transforming recognition about self-identity and organizational dynamics, developing action strategies, and connecting with other trainers for potential collective action.
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