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Utilizing Evaluation to Develop Extension Strategy for Vegetable Farmers in Taiwan

利用考評以臺灣蔬菜農民為對象發展推廣策略

摘要


過去幾年來,臺灣的推廣計畫被概念化為「採用」的模式。也就是說,臺灣農業推廣工作者所倡導的計劃模式,主要的目的為促使多數農民能夠增進瞭解農業與生活的知識與技能,以及其可能產生的改變。因應此種計畫模式的考評方法,顯然的,著重農民能達到上述目的的數最為依準。這種考評方法多在計畫開始之前與結束之後予以執行。因此,臺灣目前所推行的推廣考評方法主要用於評析計劃的績效,較少被用於為協助農民而發展推廣策略。針對「傳統」考評方法的不適切,本文作者進行了一項考評,以探討一項由各地農會在127個農事研究班裡執行中的計畫。以此計畫為參考架構,本考評方案意圖:(1)描繪出於此推廣計畫中所施行的活動與工作(包含了方案設計與執行、推廣傳遞系統、教育方法,以及基金的運用);(2)組織與解釋自(1)所獲得的訊息;(3)呈現考評的結論並且為蔬菜農提出適宜的推廣策略。為突顯出計畫活動的觀點(perspectives),本考評著眼於以下幾個問題:推廣員及農民為何參與此項計畫?這個計畫允許這些參與者做什麼?以及這些參與者從此項計畫中得到什麼利益?三種考評技巧被設計用以描繪此項計畫的觀點,包括了:(1)文獻分析:為蔬菜農所設計的計畫的文獻,由不同組織(上自中央政府下至地方農業機構)所蒐集的資訊。農業機構包括了由中央政府、大學推廣站、省政府、及地區農業實驗站所設立的農業諮訊服務。(2)問卷調查:就目前全省正在推行此項計劃的127個蔬菜產銷班,隨機抽樣百分之十,共13班。對農民以及負責此項計畫之當地農會推廣人員作問卷訪問。(3)田野筆記:將一個有結構性、系統性的觀察項目表分發給訪員,依此結構性的項目表,要求訪員記下他/她在田野中進行調查時所觀察到之每個事件。由這些多重的評量方法所得到的豐富訊息,顯現出幾項重要含意:(1)傳遞系統:包含農會系統結構和農會內部結構的連結;(2)取得性:給農民的多面向創新資訊;(3)領導權的介入:農民的獨立性;(4)合作:農民們在生產與行銷中的合作;以及(5)冒險性:創新。未來推廣策略對這些深層的含意應慎重考量。

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並列摘要


Over the past years, extension programs have been conceptualized to be in a mode of ”adoption” over Taiwan. In other words, the Taiwanese extension practitioners have advocated the development of programs that would reach large groups of farmers with the goal of increasing awareness, knowledge and skills, and inducing alterations in their practices. Evaluation approaches within this mode tend to focus on measuring the goals mentioned above among as many participants as possible. These evaluation methods are typically conducted preceding and following the program. Therefore, the extension evaluations conducted in Taiwan are primarily used to judge the merits of the existing programs and seldom used for developing new extension strategy for the farmers. Having realized that the ”traditional” evaluation approaches have been inadequate, the author of this paper has conducted an evaluation to examine an on-going program implemented by the local Farmers' Associations in 127 sites of vegetable farmers' research clubs. Using this program as a frame of reference, this evaluation project intends to: (1) portray the activities and workings implemented in the extension program (including project design and implementation, extension delivery system, educational methods, and uses of funds); (2) organize and interpret the information learned from (1); and (3) present the conclusions of the evaluation and propose appropriate extension strategy for vegetable farmers.To highlight the perspectives of the program activities, this evaluation has focused on these questions: Why do the people (including extension agents and farmers) participate in the program? What does the program allow these people to do? Finally, how can the people benefit from this program? Three kinds of evaluation techniques are designed to portray the perspectives of the program. They are: (1) Document: the documentation of the program for vegetable farmers with the information gathered by organizations ranging from the central government to local agricultural agencies. They include agricultural councils established by the central government, university extension stations, provincial governments, and regional agricultural experimentation stations. (2) Survey: a survey conducted throughout 10% of the sites that implement the program for vegetable farmers. Both farmers and local extension agents overseeing the program are interviewed with elaborate questionnaires. Finally, (3) Field Notes: a structured list distributed to interviewers requesting to note any event he/she observes while in the field.The evident information resulting from the deliberate evaluation methods presents several important implications for future strategy. They are: (1) Delivery system including the linkage of infrastructures and interstructures in the Farmers' Associations; (2) Accessibility: multiform resources of innovative information for farmers: (3) Leadership involvement: farmers' independence; (4) Collaboration: farmers' cooperation in producing and marketing; and (5) Venturing: innovation.

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