大陸農村經濟發展與基層民主發展的關係－鄉鎮企業產權改革與農村基層民主

Economic Development and Grassroots Democracy in Rural China: Ownership Reform of Village Enterprises and Village Democracy

徐斯儉(Szu-Chien Hsu)

《中國大陸研究》 44卷5期 (2001/05) Pp. 19-40

https://doi.org/10.30389/MCS.200105_44(5).0002

摘要

本文的目的，乃在於藉著探討自九○年代末以來鄉鎮企業所產生的私有化浪潮與在九○年代末逐漸成熟的農村基層民主－「村的自治與選舉」－之間的互動關係，提出本文對於大陸農村經濟發展與政治民主之間關係的一種看法。本文認為，如果單純以經濟發展程度來解釋農村基層民主的發展是不足的，即使以非線性的模型也無法掌握其中主要的因果機制。本文透過整理一些對於原來以集體所有制為主之農村的研究，闡述了九○年代中期以來這些農村的「私有化改制」的過程，以及其與村委會選舉的關係，並且也將此類農村與以私營為主的農村作一對比。經過這樣的分析，本文認為應該要著重經濟發展中「產權變化」作為中介變項，才能看清楚村一級政經兩種改革的互動關係。據此，本文的觀察提出了以下幾組新的假設：在原來以集體為主的村，在經過「私有化改制」的過程中，農村基層民主化並未獲得提高；而在原來以集體為主，之後未改制且仍為集體為主的村，村的基層民主發展程度與經濟發展程度的關係是呈下凹的弧形；在原來是「假集體」或「真私營」為主的村，在經過「真私營」的產權變化後，基層民主的變化基本上是呈趨緩上升的趨勢。然這些基於質性觀察所邏輯推論出的假設，仍有待更全面的經驗資料之佐證。

關鍵字

大陸農村基層民主 ； 鄉鎮企業 ； 產權改革 ； 經濟發展 ； 民主化

並列摘要

This paper intends to provide a new perspective on the relationship between economic development and political democracy in rural China by exploring the interaction between ownership reform of township and village enterprises (TVEs) and the self-governance and election of village committee in rural China. This paper contends that economic development per Se, even with a non-linear model, cannot provide sufficient explanation for the development of village democracy in rural China. This paper first describes the process of the ”privatization” of ”collective TVEs,” and then explains the relationship between this process and village elections. The explanation of village election and TVE ownership in areas with non-collective TVEs is also discussed to make a contrast. After such an analysis, this paper argues that only when ”the change of ownership” is included as an intervening variable that can we explain the interaction between economic and political development in rural China. According to this argument, this paper raises the following hypotheses: (1) in villages with collective ownership as their dominant form of TVE ownership, the village democracy has not been much improved through the process of ”privatization”; (2) in villages with collective TVEs which have not gone through ownership transition, the relationship between the process of economic development and village democracy is a concave curve line; and (3) in villages which TVEs were ”pseudo-collective” and later turned into genuine ”private” ones, or which always have had ”private” ownership as their dominant form, the village democracy progresses with a moderate slope together with economic development. These hypotheses, however, needs more comprehensive empirical data in order to test.

並列關鍵字

Chin's rural grassroots democracy ； township and village enterprise TVE ； ownership reform ； economic development ； democratization

參考文獻

徐斯儉 Hsu, Szu-Chien(1999)。大陸農村的基層民主與經濟發展的關係 The Relationship between Rural Economic Development and Rural Grassroots Democracy in Mainland China。中國大陸研究 Mainland China Studies。42(5)

Arat, Zehra(1988).Democracy and Economic Development: Modernization Revisited.Comparative Politics.21

Huntington, S. P.(1991).The third wave: democratization in the late twentieth century.Norman, Oklahoma:University of Oklahoma Press.

Huntington, Samuel P.(1994).Will More Countries Become Democratic?.Political Science Quarterly.99

Kung, James Kai-Sing(1999).Property Rights and Economic Reform in China.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.