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蝴蝶效應-論美國檔案中所見之陳菊案

The Butterfly Effects of the United States Intervention in the Ch'en Chu Case

摘要


臺灣在白色恐怖時期,威權體制常不受制度與法律約束,對政治犯無論證據如何,至少給予「管訓」以上的處分。到了1978年蔣經國上任總統後,當局又為了震懾黨外人士,在6月23日發生了逮捕陳菊事件。前省議員郭雨新為營救陳菊向美國國會議員求助,在美國卡特政府人權外交下,國務院要求駐臺北大使館介入該案。本文即運用美國檔案,討論美國介入「陳菊案」之具體內容與過程,說明美國介入的重點,並非一般認為要給予「政治庇護」或「避難」,而是要求臺灣當局保障陳菊的「司法人權」,並要求旁聽。對臺灣當局而言,就所查獲的資料要指控陳菊為「共匪」或「從事臺獨」實屬牽強,但又認為輕放陳菊將可能造成威權統治的破口,最終不得不在中美外交大局為重的考量下,迴避了審判而無罪釋放陳菊,並以上賓規格招待陳菊參觀十大建設與金門戰地等,作為下台階。陳菊案之後,黨外人士團結群起,挑戰威權統治,成立了美麗島雜誌社,馴至發生「美麗島事件」。該事件引發了海內外比陳菊案更大規模的救援活動,美國也以人權再次介入。臺灣當局在陳菊案中選擇迴避「公開審判與開放報導」,但在美麗島事件時卻不得不面對。結果導致威權統治的破口更為擴大,使廣泛的政治改革要求更加深入民心,最終促使當局進行政治改革與解嚴,迎來臺灣民主化之曙光。是為本文兼論陳菊案形成的「蝴蝶效應」。

並列摘要


During the years of White Terror in Taiwan, political prisoners were often jailed for many years or even put to death regardless of any evidence of crime found. Following Chiang Ching-kuo's accession to presidency on May 20, 1978, in order to intimidate the opposition, the Kuomintang (KMT) government arrested Ch'en Chu on June 23 with similar expectations. However, the Carter administration of the United States was advocating a human rights foreign policy at the time. After Ch'en's metor Kuo Yu-hsin appealed to the United States Congress for help, the U.S. State Department instructed its embassy in Taipei to intervene in the Ch'en Chu case. The purpose of this intervention was not to provide 'diplomatic asylum' or 'temporary refuge' for Ch'en but to protect her human rights. The case was obviously a human rights violation. Based on of the documents confiscated from Ch'en, it was difficult for the KMT government to charge her either as a communist spy or as a Taiwan separatist. However, if the government failed to convict her of a crime, their political prestige would have been severely damaged with grave consequences. In the end, under the pressure of the State Department, Chiang Ching-kuo considered diplomatic relations with the United States as more important than any other consideration. Ch'en was thus released. To excuse such an unusual move, the government provided Ch'en with an "education tour" of Kinmen Island and various sites of government construction projects. The release of Ch'en Chu caused a chain of unexpected effects on Taiwan's politics. First, it encouraged the opposition, known as Tangwai, to unite in its challenge to the dictatorial authority of the KMT and established the Formosa Magazine. The magazine then organized a mass rally named 'Human Rights Night' on Dec. 10, 1979, which led to severe conflicts with the police. The Formosa Magazine Incident, also called Kaohsiung Incident, resulted in the arrest of Tangwai leaders by the KMT government. The arrests attracted extensive attention from domestic and international intellectuals and politicians and again from the U.S. government. Having no choice, the KMT government opened the trial to public and allow the press to report on the court proceedings in detail. These reports in turn raised concerns about political issues among the people in Taiwan, and the rupture of the KMT authority further increased. All of these forced the KMT government to initiate political reforms and abolish martial law. Finally, Taiwan moved onto the path of democratization. This paper is a study of the U.S. intervention in the Ch'en Chu case under human rights foreign policy and its unforeseen long-term consequences in Taiwan.

參考文獻


陳鈺馥,〈促轉會:蔣介石經手「核覆」政治案逾6成改重刑〉(2021年9月28日),收入「自由時報電子報」: https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/3686206(2021/9/28點閱)。
陳銘城,〈張金策、吳銘輝政治逃亡記〉,收入「綠島人權文化園區」:http://2009forum.blogspot.com/2009/07/blog-post_8287.html(2022/2/4點閱)。
〈瑪利諾(Maryknoll)外方傳教會〉,收入「維基百科」:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/瑪利諾外方傳教會(2022/2/2點閱)。
〈對外援助與人權〉(Foreign Aid and Human Rights 1976),收入Melvin I. Urofsk編,《美國民主基本文獻》(Basic Readings In U.S. Democracy),第八章,全文網址:https://web-archive-2017.ait.org.tw/infousa/zhtw/PUBS/BasicReadings/54.htm(2021/11/13點閱)。
〈蝴蝶效應〉,收入「維基百科」:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/蝴蝶效應(2022/1/29點閱)。

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