內在自由與外在權力的辯證：黑格爾論康德的權利國家觀

The Dialectic between Inner Freedom and External Rights: Hegel's Understanding of Kant's Theory of Rechtsstaat

魏楚陽(Chu-Yang Wei)

《政治科學論叢》 51期 (2012/03) Pp. 129-159

https://doi.org/10.6166/TJPS.51(129-159)

摘要

本文透過黑格爾（G. W. F. Hegel, 1770-1831）對康德（Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804）權利國家（Rechtsstaat）理論的批判，探討個人的內在自由與現代國家所保障的外在權利之間的相互關係。康德透過內在道德自由的觀點，強調個人應該將其任意性的自然本性加以壓抑，以獲得真正的內在自由。但是在其國家理論中，他則放棄了應然性的道德要求，而將國家視為眾人之間相互協調以和平共處的政治機制。黑格爾指出此乃基於康德政治思想中內在道德性與外在合法性之間的對立。造成此一對立的根源，不在於康德有意讓實現內在自由的道德觀點退出政治的領域，而在於康德認為內在的理性國度與外在的經驗國度之間，存在著無法超越的鴻溝。本文探討黑格爾如何在哲學上將康德哲學中理性國度與經驗國度之間的對立加以化解，並論述黑格爾將內在道德性與外在合法性在國家制度中加以融合的嘗試，其意義不在於推翻康德將保障個人自由作為現代國家目的的觀點，而在於為康德的權利國家理論，尋找更深入的根基。

關鍵字

黑格爾 ； 康德 ； 自由 ； 權利 ； 國家

並列摘要

In this research paper, the author discusses the relationship between inner freedom and external rights in the modern state using Hegel's critic on Kant's concept of Rechtsstaat. With the concept of moral freedom, Kant emphasizes that the arbitrary freedom of individual should be oppressed in order to gain real inner freedom. But in his political theory, he gives up the quest for inner moral freedom and treats the state as a political institution that secures peaceful coexistence between individuals. Hegel indicates that the different purposes of Kant's moral and political theory derive from the antinomy between inner morality and external legitimacy in his political thinking. According to Hegel, the reason for the antinomy is not Kant's intentional separation of the political from the moral, but the unsolvable contradiction between respublica noumenon and respublica phaenomenon in Kant's philosophy. The author discusses how Hegel philosophically overcomes the antinomy in Kant's philosophy and his consequent reconstruction of modern state theory. The author argues that Hegel's criticism is not a refutation of Kant's concept of Rechtsstaat, but rather an attempt to put it on a surer footing.

並列關鍵字

G.W.F. Hegel ； Lmmanuel Kant ； Freedom ； Rights ； State

參考文獻

Kant, Immanuel. 1910a. "Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht." In Kant' s gesammelte Schriften (VII), ed. Akademie der Wissenschaft zu Berlin. Berlin: Reimer, 117-334.

Kant, Immanuel. 1910b. "Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?" In Kant' s gesammelte Schriften (VIII), ed. Akademie der Wissenschaft zu Berlin. Berlin: Reimer, 35-42.

Kant, Immanuel. 1910c. "Die Metaphysik der Sitten." In Kant' s gesammelte Schriften (VI), ed. Akademie der Wissenschaft zu Berlin. Berlin: Reimer, 203-493.

Kant, Immanuel. 1910d. "Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft." In Kant' s gesammelte Schriften (VI), ed. Akademie der Wissenschaft zu Berlin. Berlin: Reimer, 1-202.

Kant, Immanuel. 1910e. "Der Streit der Fakultät." In Kant' s gesammelte Schriften (VII), ed. Akademie der Wissenschaft zu Berlin. Berlin: Reimer, 1-116.