演化路徑觀點下的生物科技發展

本文在演化理論之文獻基礎上，整理出創新行動、典範規則與制度資源三個構面所建構之技術發展路徑，並應用於解釋生物科技產業自1865至2001年的歷史軌跡。創新行動為創造性破壞過程，可造成技術提升並推動產業發展。典範規則即規範產業同形的社會化壓力。制度資源則為廠商遵循典範規則所能獲得的正當性報酬與經濟資源。在實際應用解釋上，本研究採單一產業導向之定性方法，將生物科技發展歷程概分成三個階段：第一階段(1865-1972)為基因、染色體、核酸與DNA結構的發現；第二階段(1973-1995)包含遺傳工程與基因科技；以及第三階段(1996-2001)的人類基因組計畫與生物晶片。本文除整理各階段的創新行動外，並歸納分析各階段的典範規則與制度資源脈絡。最後並簡要討論政策與管理意涵。

關鍵字

演化理論；創新行動；典範規則；制度資源；生物科技

並列摘要

This paper draws on the literature of evolutionary theorizing to argue the importance of creative action, paradigmatic rules and institutional resources in industrial and technological activities. This argument is then applied empirically to the study of biotechnology industry of 1865-2001. Creative action is understood as a series of destructive creation, or creative destruction, that advances technology development and industry growth. Paradigmatic rules are socialized norms that force firms to take into isomorphism seriously. Beneficial in innovation, institutional resources reward firms' compliance to paradigmatic rules. In application, we divide the development of biotechnology into three stages: stage 1 (1865-1972): the discovery of gene, chromosome and nucleic acid; stage 2 (1973-1995): the double helix of DNA, genetic engineering and technology; stage 3 (1996-2001): Human Genome Project and biological chips. For each of the stages, we then afford the industry with analyses of creative action, paradigmatic rules and institutional resources. Implications for theory, research and policy are briefly discussed.

並列關鍵字

Evolution ； creative action ； paradigmatic rule ； institutional resource ； biotechnology

參考文獻

Abernathy, W. J.,Utterback, J. M.(1975).A Dynamic Model of Product and Process Innovation.Omega.3,639-656.

Google Scholar

Acharya, R.(1999).The Emergence and Growth of Biotechnology: Experiences in Industrialized and Developing Country.Cheltenham:Edward Elgar.

Google Scholar

Anderson, P.,Tushman, M. L.(1990).Technological Discontinuities and Dominant Designs: A Cyclical Model of Technological Change.Administrative Science Quarterly.35(4),604-633.

Google Scholar

DiMaggio, P.,Powell, W. W.(1983).The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.American Sociological Review.48,147-180.