公民結社的結構變遷－以台灣非營利組識的發展為例

The Structural Transformation of Civic Association and the Development of NPOs in Taiwan

顧忠華(Chung-Hwa Ku)

《台灣社會研究季刊》 36期 (1999/12) Pp. 123-145

https://doi.org/10.29816/TARQSS.199912.0004

摘要

台灣在解除戒嚴之前，並不是採取「極權主義」的統治方式，國民黨的「威權體制」允許市場自由，但對於民間非經濟性質的結社自由則有諸多限制，台灣當時不能說存在著足以與國家相抗衡的「公民社會」。解嚴後，最明顯的結構性變遷，除了政治民主化之外，非民間興起的結社風潮莫屬，許多非政府、非營利的民間組織紛紛成立，形成對各種公共政策的遊說團體，同時也提供福利服務，取代了部份政府的公共職能。本文擬以台灣非營利組織的發展為例，嘗試理解並詮釋此一現象所代表的文化意義，作者認爲，結社是最直接表達公民意識的行動，也是社會自治的成熟度指標。因此，非營利組織愈活躍，意味著台灣逐漸出現自主的「公民社會」，這段經驗足以和東歐國家相比較，具有理論上和實務上的雙重重要性。本文將先回顧戒嚴時期的法令規章，分析公民結社受到何種壓抑。接著觀察台灣近十餘年來非營利組織發展的軌跡，以及其在活動上的特色。最後援引國內外的理論觀點，闡述非營利組織與社會自治之間互為表裡的關係，以證成台灣的「公民社會」與政治民主化同步形成，甚至對未來的發展具有更重大的影響。

關鍵字

結社自由 ； 公民社會 ； 社會運動 ； 非營利組織 ； 社會自治

並列摘要

Under Martial Law, although the Taiwan's government did not rule by ”totalitarism” and KMT's ”authoritarism” allowed the market freedom, it still imposed a lot of restrictions on civil non-economic associations. Meanwhile, there was not a ”civil society” to take balance with the state in Taiwan. After lifting Martial Law in 1987, besides the political democratization, the most obvious ”structural transformation” is the emergence of civil associations. More and more non-government, non-profit organizations are established. They try to affect many kinds of public policies, provide welfare service, and even replace some public functions of government. This essay attempts to understand and explain the cultural meaning represented in this phenomenon by the development of non-profit organizations (NPOs) in Taiwan. It is suggest that autonomic associations can most directly present the movement of civil consciousness, and be indicator of social self-governance. Therefore, while NP0s become more and more active, it means that there is gradually a ”civil society” formed in Taiwan. Compared with East-European countries, this experience has dual importance in theory and practice. About the framework of this essay, first, I will make reference to the legal condition of civil right during that time, and analyze the consequence of the suppression of civil activities. Secondly, I try to observe the track of NPOs' development in recent decades in Taiwan and their characteristics presented in the process of social movements. Finally, taking some theoretical perspectives from other researchers explains the interconnective relations between NPOs and social self-governing, to verify that Taiwan's civil society and political democratization were formed simultaneously, and to find out the possible contribution by which they provided in the future.

並列關鍵字

association freedom ； civil society ； social movements ； non-profit organization (NPO) ； social self-governance

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