認識台灣：知識、權力與日本在台之殖民治理性

Knowing Taiwan: Knowledge, Power and the Japanese Colonial Governmentality of Taiwan

姚人多(Jen-To Yao)

《台灣社會研究季刊》 42期 (2001/06) Pp. 119-182

https://doi.org/10.29816/TARQSS.200106.0003

摘要

被殖民者到底有沒有被正確地再現到殖民者所建構的殖民知識與殖民論述中？自薩伊德的《東方主義》以來，所有有關殖民主義的議題都或多或少圍繞著這個問題在打轉。這篇關於日據時期台灣殖民知識的論文也不例外。我們將從以下這個簡單的問題開始：到底什麽是殖民知識？難道只是竭盡所能地把殖民者扭曲、建構成「他者」的扭曲，好來滿足殖民者優越的自我形象？我們所提出的答案是否定的。事實上，我們認爲這種說法基本上是起源於對殖民權力本質上的誤判。接下來，我們將把討論的焦點移到日據時代的土地調查及人口普查，我們將從傅科「治理性」的角度來看殖民時期的知識。此處的談法並不著重於歷史的紀錄，而在於點出這兩種調查所呈現出來的知識類型，及其背後所代表的政治理性。在殖民者所繪的地圖上，我們找到了規訓權力那種對知識的精確性、詳細性的要求，而在人口普查中，除了這種精確性與詳細性之外，我們還看到了一種把整個被殖民者當成一個「人口」的生命政治理性。無疑地，本文是傅科許多觀念上的應用及延伸，我們運用傅科的目的不只在於解釋台灣過去所發生的事，更重要地，還在於與西方既存的殖民理論對話，這也就是爲什麽在本文中我們不斷提及歐洲殖民主義的原因。

關鍵字

殖民主義 ； 殖民知識 ； 規訓權力 ； 治理性 ； 地圖 ； 人口普查 ； 統計 ； 數字 ； 傳科 ； 生物政治 ； 薩伊德 ； 東方主義 ； 再現

並列摘要

Had the colonized been correctly represented n the colonial knowledge and discourse? Since Said's Orientalism, all the Issues concerning colonialism have more or less revolved around this question. This paper, arguing the colonial knowledge in Taiwan, is no exception. We will begin with a simple question: what is colonial knowledge? Is it nothing more than construction of the colonized as an Other? Is it a systematic distortion of what the colonized really is? The answers we want to offer are negative. In fact, we believe, these kinds of argument are derived from a misjudgment of the nature of colonial power. In this paper, we will bring the land survey and census both launched by the Japanese government into spotlight. Far from being a detailed history of these two surveys, what we are going to do here is mainly to find out the form of power and the political rationality behind them. In other words, there surveys will be seen from the perspective of Foucault's idea on governmentality. In the maps produced in the process of land survey, we witnessed the accuracy and all-embracing nature of the colonial (disciplinary) knowledge: in the census, apart form the accuracy and detail-ness, we witnessed that the Japanese colonizer actually treated the Taiwanese as a population, which is indeed a sign of bio-political governmentality. In many respects, this paper is an attempt to apply Fouc-ault's theories to Taiwan. Not only do we want to explain what happened in colonial Taiwan differently, but we want to have same conversations with contemporary post-colonial theories. And this is exactly the reason why in this paper we constantly refer to the European colonialisms.

並列關鍵字

colonialism ； colonial knowledge ； disciplinary power ； governmentality ； map ； census ； statistics ； number ； Foucault ； biology politics ； Said ； Orientalism ； representation

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