民主、自然資源與經濟發展：一個混合研究法途徑的分析

Democracy, Natural Resources and Economic Development: A Mixed-Method Approach

張文揚(Wen-yang Chang) ； 詹捷翔(Chieh-hsiang Chan) ； 平思寧(Szu-Ning Ping)

《政治學報》 67期 (2019/06) Pp. 1-50

https://doi.org/10.6229/CPSR.201906_67.0001

摘要

近年來，儘管是否自然資源不利經濟發展的「（自然）資源詛咒」理論受到注意，但是學界對於自然資源是否能夠促進或是阻礙國家經濟發展之間的關係並沒有定論。本文認為，資源詛咒對經濟發展的影響是條件性的：條件於國家的政治體制之上。自然資源對國家經濟發展的不利影響，可以被民主政體抵銷，這是因為民主政體傾向分配公共財、有較好的治理能力以及維持，或是進行多樣化經濟體制的可能性。這些特徵因此可以避免國家在發展過程中依賴自然資源時蒙受其害。本文先後以「時間序列橫斷面」方法檢視1960～2016年之間國家的經濟表現；並以「最大相似法」比較兩個撒哈拉以南非洲國家－迦納與喀麥隆之後確認了上述的說法。本文的結果對於相關理論與政策發展都有其意涵。

關鍵字

民主 ； 自然資源詛咒 ； 經濟發展 ； 大樣本研究 ； 最大相似法

並列摘要

In recent years, though the ＂(natural) resource curse＂ thesis-natural resources have negative impact on economic development-becomes popular, the consensus about whether natural resources promote or dampen economic development does not exist among scholars. This paper argues that the effects of natural resources on economic development is conditional upon political systems. The negative influences of natural resources on development can be offset by democracy, because democratic regimes tend to distribute public goods, have better quality of governance and higher possibility of diversifying the economic system. These characteristics enable the states to avoid the curse brought by natural resources in the development process. This paper gains empirical support by firstly applying the ＂time-series cross-sectional method＂ to examine all states' economic performance over the 1960-2016 period, and then by comparing two sub-Saharan African states, Ghana and Cameroon, through ＂the most similar method＂ design. This paper has both academic and policy implications.

並列關鍵字

Democracy ； Natural Resource Curse ； Economic Development ； Large-N Studies ； Most Similar Method

參考文獻

李佳怡、蔡宗漢，2015，〈國家資本主義與拉丁美洲外資徵收的成因〉，《臺灣政治學刊》，第19卷第2期，頁133-172。doi:10.6683/TPSR.201512.19(2).133-172

Fetters, M. D., & Hou, S.-I.，2018，〈混合研究法：創新整合程序〉，《臺灣公共衛生雜誌》，第37卷第4期，頁360-365。doi:10.6288/TJPH.201808_37(4).107033

Sachs, J. D., & Warner, A. M., 2001. “The Curse of Natural Resources.” European Economic Review, Vol. 45, No. 4-6, pp. 827-838. doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00125-8

Sandbakken, C., 2006. “The Limits to Democracy Posed by Oil Rentier States: The Cases of Algeria, Nigeria and Libya.” Democratization, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 135-152. doi:10.1080/13510340500378464

Seawright, J., & Gerring, J., 2008. “Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research: A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options.” Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 294-308. doi:10.1177/1065912907313077