中央與地方分立政府的形成：一個空間理論的觀點

A Spatial Theory Explanation for the Vertical Divided Government

劉從葦(Tsung-Wei Liu)

《台灣政治學刊》 7卷2期 (2003/12) Pp. 107-147

https://doi.org/10.6683/TPSR.200312.7(2).107-147

摘要

「分立政府」不僅是越來越常發生的正治現象，也是近十年來政治學研究的重要議題之一。在同時舉行的選舉中是否產生分立政府，取決有多少選民分裂投票。因此，如何解釋分裂投票的發生就影響如何解讀分立政府的形成。如果分裂投票是一個「手段」，則分立政府就是選民有意促成的結果；如果分裂投票只是個「現象」，則分立政府就只是選民在不同選舉中偏好不同政黨的結果。
從「空間理論」的觀點來看，若政黨在同時舉行的兩項選舉中只有一個政策位置，則真誠投票與策略性投票僅能解釋部分的分裂投繫。但當政黨應該有，而且事實上也有，兩個政策位置時，空間理論就能簡明地解釋分裂投票與分立政府的關係。分裂投票只是選民在不同的選舉中，分別選擇政策位置最接近政黨的現象：而分立政府也就只是在不同選舉中，位置最接近大多數選民的政黨有所不同而產生的結果。分裂投只是個現象而非手段，也就不需要賦予分立政府太多諸如選民要讓政黨彼此制衡或追求中庸政策等的意涵。

關鍵字

分立政府 ； 分裂投票 ； 空間理論 ； 政黨位置測量

並列摘要

Divided government is not only a political phenomenon, but also becomes one of the most salient issues in the study of politics. When two elections are held at the same time, whether divided government appears depends on how many voters split their votes. If voters prefer divide government to unified government, then they split their votes in order to make divided government possible. If split-ticket voting is a phenomenon instead of a mean, then divided government is just the result of that voters prefer different parties in elections held at the same time.
If each political party has one position in the policy space when two elections are held at the same time, then sincere and strategic voting can only provide partial explanations for split-ticket voting. If political parties should have, and in fact they do, two positions in two elections, it is spatial theory that can explain the relationship between split-ticket voting and divided government. The reason for split-ticket voting is that voters do not prefer the same party in different elections. Therefore, divided government is just a phenomenon and has nothing to do with the idea of cecks and balances.

並列關鍵字

divided government ； split-tcket voting ； spatial theory ； measurement of party position

參考文獻

黃紀 Huang, Chi、 吳重禮 Wu, Chung-Li(2000)。臺灣地區縣市層級「分立政府」影響之初探 The Effects of Divided Government on Public Evaluations of City/County Government Performance in Taiwan：A Pilot Study。台灣政治學刊 Taiwan Political Science Review。4

吳重禮 Wu, Chung-Li(2002)。美國「分立政府」運作的爭議：以公共行政與政策為例 Controversies Over the Consequences of Divided Government in American Politics: The Perspective of Public Administration and Policy。歐美研究 EurAmerica。32(2)

吳重禮 Wu, Chung-Li、 黃紀 Huang, Chi、 張壹智 Chang, I-Chih(2003)。臺灣地區「分立政府」與「一致性政府」之研究：以1986年至2001年地方府會關係為例。人文及社會科學集刊 Journal of Social Sciences and Philosophy。15(1)

吳重禮 Wu, Chung-Li(2000)。美國「分立性政府」研究文獻之評析：兼論台灣地區的政治發展 Examination of the Research on Divided Government in America: An Analysis of Political Development in Taiwan。問題與研究 Wenti Yu Yanjiu。39(3)

(1987).Ideology, Strategy, and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-War Election Programmes in 19 Democracies.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.