啟示宗教和自然崇拜－基督教視域的上帝與自然、精神與物質、永恆與時間、實在與虛無

Matter and Spirit, God and Nature in the Christian Vision

安希孟(An Ximeng)

《宗教哲學》 93期 (2020/09) Pp. 81-116

https://doi.org/10.6309/JORP.202009_(93).0004

摘要

本文涉及的中國諸神雜祀、算卦、占卜、風水、巫術、禁忌、氏族血統、圖騰崇拜、原始拜物教、偶像崇拜、祖先崇拜、自然崇拜、節日陋俗、祭祖祀天，都屬於民間自然崇拜、原始宗教，和基督教是對立的。這些是亞細亞生產方式下的初民社會畏懼自然的產物。農耕文明基礎上的宗教原是初級宗教，粗俗少文，屬於精神欠缺的現世宗教。在真正的宗教那裏，物質世界是純粹虛無、有限、短暫，然而，上帝、天國和靈魂卻是永恆、實在，是真正的存在。和超自然信仰相聯系的宗教應當和物質世界保持間距。世界主要宗教信仰及其義理，和氏族社會原始宗教、民間宗教、自然崇拜有天壤之別。在一個流光溢彩物欲橫流的世界上，反對原始拜物教特別重要。自然宗教缺乏純精神。以自然事物和自然力為崇拜對象，廣泛存在於遠古原始社會。自然宗教把自然事物和自然力本身直接視作具有意志的對象加以膜拜。自然狀態下的原始圖騰、自然宗教，與歷史宗教是對立的。民間原始宗教強調人間性，世俗性，和神聖啟示宗教相對立。基督教和猶太教來自上帝的啟示，是強調超然性的啟示宗教。基督教是物質拜物教的剋星。你不可能既為上帝活著，又為錢財活著。人不能事奉兩個主。基督教與中國舊文化之間充滿張力關係，批判互動，此消彼長。初民社會的宗教圖騰、原始禁忌、扶乩迷信，占卜請仙，成為當今通病。區分物質和精神，是哲學，也是宗教信仰的基本特質。基督教的“神”是精神，純精神、非物質、無形體、自有永有、無始無終、無所不在、無時或已。禮儀之爭可能是一個民族和臣民的不幸。錯位的“上帝”被誤用於基督教“God＂。“上帝”、“神”，這兩個漢語辭彙與基督教“雅威”、“耶和華”根本不同。我們似乎還盲目慶勝。應當重新考慮龍華民一派意見和教廷裁定意見。我們雖不建議放棄使用“上帝”和“神”，但不可忘記基督教教理與中華著作使用時的極大差別。

關鍵字

自然宗教 ； 實在 ； 虛無 ； 啟示 ； 永恆 ； 拜物教 ； 禁忌 ； 偶像 ； 巫術 ； 圖騰

並列摘要

The Chinese gods involved in this paper include miscellaneous worship, fortunetelling, divination, geomancy, witchcraft, taboo, clan lineage, totem worship, blood tribe worship, primitive fetishism, idolatry, ancestor worship, nature worship, bad customs on festivals and worships to ancestors, all of which belong to folk nature worship, primitive religion, and are in opposition to Christianity. In a true religion, the material world is pure nothingness, and God is the real being.Religions associated with supernatural beliefs should keep their distance from the physical world.The spiritual world is out of step with the material world.The world's major religious beliefs and their doctrines are very different from the primitive religious nature worship.In a world where materialism prevails, the fight against primitive fetishism is particularly important.Idolatry, fetishism, mixed gods, ancestor worship, door god, god of wealth, kitchen God, land God, holiday customs, totem worship, all belong to natural religion, prehistoric remains.Lacking pure spirit, natural religion takes natural things and natural forces as its worship object and widely exists in ancient primitive society.Natural religions worship natural things and natural forces themselves directly as objects with a will.Primitive totem and natural religion in the state of nature are opposed to historical religion.Folk primitive religion and divine revelation religion are opposite.Christianity and Judaism are Revelations from God. They are revelation religions.Christianity is the bane of material fetishism.You cannot live for God and money at the same time.No man can serve two masters.The relationship between Christianity and Chinese culture is full of tension and critical interaction.The religious totem, primitive taboo and superstition of the early people have become common problems.The distinction between the material and the spiritual is an essential characteristic of philosophy and religion.The God of Christianity is the spirit, pure spirit, spirit, spirit, soul, immaterial, no body , there is always, no beginning, no end, everywhere, always or already.Disputes over etiquette can be a tragedy for a nation and its subjects.The misplaced ＂God＂ is misused in the Christian translation of ＂God＂.＂God＂ and ＂God＂ make people forget that these two Chinese words are fundamentally different from The Christian words ＂Yawi＂ and ＂Yahweh＂.We seem to be celebrating our victory blindly.The longhua school of Public Opinion and the Ruling of the Holy See should be reconsidered.Although we do not suggest abandoning the use of ＂God＂ and ＂God＂, we should not forget the great difference between Christian doctrines and the use of Chinese writings.

並列關鍵字

Fetishism ； Ancestor ； worship ； sacrificial ； idol ； nature ； mixed ； worship ； totem ； spirit