「華人本土心理學研究追求卓越計畫」第三分項計畫的研究主題是自我歷程、自我概念、及自我評價。此一分項計畫執行四年,在本土化理論建構與實徵研究兩方面皆有所得。本文的目的即在說明與檢討這兩方面的成果。文中第二節主要是簡述與討論華人自我四元論。作者所建構的此一理論是以其個人取向與社會取向(又再分為關係取向、家族取向、及他人取向)的概念架構為基礎,提出個人取向自我、關係取向自我、家族取向自我、及他人取向自我四種構念,並進而分就十五項心理特性比較四種華人自我的差異。作者進一步討論了四種自我之間的可能衝突,也分析了個人取向自我與社會取向自我在社會變遷中的並存與化合問題。 第三節則是以有關自我歷程、自我概念、及自我評價的實徵研究發現,驗證華人自我四元論的部分命題或陳述,結果大致是正面的或支持性的。基本而言,有關自我歷程的實徵研究結果,大都能區辨個人取向自我與社會取向自我的存在與差異;有關自我概念與自我評價的實徵測量結果,則大都能進而區辨個人取向自我、關係取向自我、家族取向自我、及他人取向自我的存在與差異。在有關自我歷程、自我概念、及自我評價的三類研究中,我們編製了九個已可採用的標準化量表:(1)華人社會讚許量表,(2)華人自我意識量表,(3)華人真實自我概念量表,(4)華人理想自我概念量表,(5)華人應然自我概念量表,(6)個人取向自我實現者心理特徵量表,(7)社會取向自我實現者心理特徵量表,(8)華人多元自尊量表,及(9)個人取向與社會取向幸福觀量表。 最後一節綜合討論了實徵研究發現對華人自我四元論的涵義、華人自我四元論之未來研究的方向與課題、及研究方法的檢討與擴展。
This paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the Chinese self from an indigenized perspective. The second section examines the author's four-part theory of the Chinese self that is composed of the individual-oriented and social-oriented self, with the latter further divided into the relationship-oriented, familistic (group)-oriented, and other-oriented self. The four Chinese selves are then theoretically compared in terms of 15 major general psychological characteristics. In the third section, empirical tests of the four-part theory in the form of 13 studies on Chinese self-process, -concept, and-evaluation are elaborated. The coexistence of an individual-oriented and a social-oriented self and their differences are generally demonstrated by the results of the research on self-process. The coexistence of the four Chinese selves is consistently shown in the results of the self-concept and self-evaluation studies. The last section discusses the general implications of all the research findings for the four-part theory of the Chinese self, the directions and topics for future research in testing the theory, and the evaluation, improvement, and expansion of the research strategies and methods to be used.