Oral Health of Smokers and E-Cigarette Users: A Case-Control Study

Aini Fatimah Ghazali ； Ahmad Faisal Ismail ； Ghasak Ghazi Faisal ； Mohd Haikal Muhammad Halil ； Azlina Daud

《Journal of International Dental and Medical Research》 11卷2期 (2018/07) Pp. 428-432

摘要

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the oral health of cigarette smokers, ecigarette smokers, and non-smokers. This observational study involved 120 participants; 40 each in the control, cigarette, and e-cigarette groups respectively. Oral health examination was conducted according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Dental caries was evaluated using the DMFT index, while the periodontal parameters assessed using plaque, gingivitis, gingival bleeding, and calculus indices. The results from the 3 groups were compared using analysis of variance (MANOVA), the outcomes of which were significant for the Gingival Index (p = 0.000), Plaque Index (p = 0.012), and Bleeding Index (p = 0.001) of periodontal health. Post-hoc tests with Bonferroni correction revealed significant differences in the Gingival Index between the control and cigarette groups (p = 0.001), as well as cigarette and e-cigarette groups (p = 0.000). Meanwhile, Bleeding Index was only significantly different between the control and e-cigarette groups (p = 0.001). For Plaque Index, significant differences were seen between the control and cigarette groups (p = 0.016). There were no significant differences in the other periodontal health parameters, as the p values of the Calculus Index and DMFT Index were 0.955 and 0.702 respectively. In conclusion, ecigarettes had potentially detrimental effects on oral health.

關鍵字

Oral Health ； E-cigarette ； Vaping ； Cigarette ； Smoking