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1890至1914年間德國自由工會的形成、發展與意義

A Study of the Free Trade Unions in Germany from 1890 to 1914

摘要


於1890年重組的德國自由工會是屬於1848年革命以來德國社會主義勞工運動的一環,在理念上傾向於社會民主黨,或接受社民黨在理念上的指導,認為工會的任務雖在於團結會員的力量,採取集體行動來改善勞工的工資與工作條件,但是仍應該以達成重新建構經濟、社會及政治權力關係的終極目標為努力的方向。不過這樣的認知在經歷了俾斯麥首相時代施行的反社會主義法,受到政治上嚴重的迫害,使得1890年重組的自由工會從一開始便傾向於走政經分離的路線,全力發展組織,一方面避免再度受到政治迫害,另一方面則透過組織的健全與強大來為勞工爭取日常工作上的利益,進而改善勞工在社會與政治上所遭遇的不公平待遇。 由這樣的思考出發,自由工會除了做上述工會最原始的工作之外,還認為工會運動應是一股提升勞工知識文化水平及人道機構的力量,為勞工爭取合乎尊嚴的生活。這些工會的主張確實能在1890年中期之後直到戰前成效卓著。 本文探討的主要議題在於分析自由工會形成的背景、發展的困境與成果以及這個在戰前屬於歐洲最強的社會主義勞工運動創造了那些成就。但是另一方面也因為自由工會的務實路線被批評為偏離了社會主義理想,甚至影響了社民黨,使社民黨被批評為工會化了。

並列摘要


The reorganized German Free Trade Unions in 1890 were a part of the German Socialist Labour Movement. Therefore the Free Trade Unions had close relationship with the Social Democratic Party, and their social and political ideas were even under the guide of the German Social Democratic Party. The leaders of the Free Trade Unions also believe that for the long term the purpose of the Trade Unions should be to create a new economic, social and political order, although to unite the strength of the members of the Trade Unions and to use the collective power to improve the worker's wage and their working conditions were important duty. But because of the experiences of the Anti-Socialist-Act in the Bismarck time that the Socialist Movement was persecuted by the extremely strict political law, therefore the Free Trade Unions from the foundation of their reorganization in 1890 they decided to go a way of division between economics and politics. They tried to develop the organization, on the one hand to avoid the political persecution once again, and on the other hand to fight for the interests of workers and to change the social and political unfair treatment of the workers through the strong Trade Unions. Basing on this point, of view, in addition to working on their primary duties, the Free Trade Unions also intended to promote knowledge and cultural standards of the workers in order to raise their dignity of life. These ideas of the Free Trade Unions were successfully accomplished during the period from the middle of the 1890s to the outbreak of the First World War. This paper is aimed at analysis of the background of the rise of the Free Trade Unions, problems of their development and their success and results the Free Trade Unions had made, since the German Socialist Movement was the strongest organization in Europe before the First World War. But on the other hand, the Free Trade Unions had gone a pragmatic way and were criticized that they betrayed the idea of the Socialism, even influenced the Social Democratic Party, and made the party unionized.

參考文獻


(Protokoll der Verhandlungen des Ersten Kongresses der Gewkschaften Deutschlands, abgehalten zu Halberstadt vom 14. bis 18. März 1982, (Hamburg 1892)).
(Protokoll der Verhandlungen des dritten Kongresses der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands, abgehalten zu Frankfurt a.M. vom 8.bis 13.Mai 1899, (Hamburg o.J.).).
(Protokoll der Verhandlungen des vierten Kongresses der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands,abgehalten zu Stuttgart vom 16.bis 21.Juni 1902, (Hamburg 1902).).
(Protokoll der Verhandlungen des fünften Kongresses der Gewkschaften Deutsehiands, abgehalten zu Köln vom 22.bis 27. Mai 1905, (Berlin o.J.).).
(Protokoll der Verhandlungen des sechsten Kongresses der Gewkschaften Deutschlands, abgehalten zu Hamburg vom 22.-27.Juni 1908, (Berlin1908).).

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