論格林的共善概念及其倫理政治思想

On Green's Idea of Common Good and Ethical Politics

劉佳昊(Jia-Hau Liu)

《政治與社會哲學評論》 55期 (2015/12) Pp. 107-161

https://doi.org/10.6523/168451532015120055003

摘要

本文旨在探討19世紀英國政治哲學家湯馬斯‧格林的共善概念，並試圖勾勒出其中蘊涵的一套倫理政治思想。20世紀英美政治學界咸認為，格林的道德本體論和政治義務論既以共善為其核心，其思想不僅是集體主義的，更易於淪為威權主義者用以證成其迫害行為的託辭；即掌握政治權力者可假借維護社群共善之名，控管甚或侵害個人的自由與權利。相對於此側重集體主義的詮釋與批判，本文將指出：格林的共善思想確實因同時涵攝「道德的」與「政治的」兩種規範面向，而潛藏著兩組張力－個體與集體之間、內在與外在之間的緊張關係，但此些張力實為格林發展出一套公民自我治理的民主理論所不可或缺的思辨環節，而為其「倫理政治觀」的重要基礎。

關鍵字

湯馬斯‧格林 ； 共善 ； 權利 ； 自我實現 ； 主權權力 ； 自我治理

並列摘要

This study aims to explore the idea of the common good advocated by the English political philosopher Thomas Hill Green during the nineteenth century, attempting to outline the ethical politics it implies. Because the common good is the centre of Green's moral and political thought, in twentieth-century Anglo-American political circles, his ideology was widely considered to be collectivist and even likely to be used as an alibi by political dictators to justify their persecutions, that is, those in power may control and even erode individual freedom and rights under the guise of maintaining the common good of the community. In contrast with interpretations and critiques that emphasise collectivism, this study argues that although Green's conception of the common good indeed subsumes both 'moral' and 'political' criteria, the underlying two sets of tensions-between individuality and collectivism and between internality and externality-are the speculative steps necessary for Green to develop a theory of citizens' self-government and a critical foundation for his ethical politics.

並列關鍵字

Thomas Green ； common good ； right ； self-realisation ； sovereign power ； self-government

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