法人論壇－新興民主國家的公民參與模式

Civic Groups Forum: Implications to Public Participation in New Democracy

鄧宗業(Chung-Yeh Deng) ； 吳嘉苓(Chia-Ling Wu)

《臺灣民主季刊》 1卷4期 (2004/12) Pp. 35-56

https://doi.org/10.6448/TDQ.200412.0035

摘要

目前由民主先進國家所發展的公民參與模式，往往假設社會團體已經充分參與政策制定。我們認爲這個假設不適用於新興民主國家。二代健保公民參與組參攷審議民主的理念，提出「法人論壇」的構想，試圖做爲新興民主國家提昇社會團體參與政策的管道模式。我們舉辦「全民健保保費新制方案規劃法人論壇」，並評估其成效。我們發現，法人論壇能顯著提昇團體代表的政策參與能力，在健保知能和健保滿意度，都有顯著進步，尤其是健保體制外的團體，如社福和病患團體。至於政治效能感、新制意見、和共識達成，法人論壇似乎比較能影響健保體制外的團體，而比較不能影響健保體制內的團體。我們發現參與者的參與經驗會影響審議的作用。我們建議，針對法人團體的政策參與，最好在政策規劃褥期，即邀請他們參加。未來的法人論壇，應攷量團體之間的權力關系，建立專家與團體代表雙向溝通的詢答模式，避免以固定的方案選項的抉擇作爲結論內容，並逐步發展跨團體討論的機制，以促發社會團體更能充分參與政策討論。

關鍵字

審議民主 ； 公民參與 ； 法人論壇 ； 新興民主 ； 全民健保

並列摘要

Public participation methods that were developed in advanced democratic countries like Denmark and the United States have paid almost the whole attention to the general population but none to civic groups in terms of participants. In this article, we argue that for new democracy such as Taiwan, the public participation methods that focus on civic groups are as important as those for the general public. We developed a new public participation method “civic groups forum” and evaluated its effects in terms of deliberative democracy with the issue of premium reform in the National Health Insurance in Taiwan. The scheme of evaluation included both the outcome aspect (changes in policy literacy, policy satisfaction, and political efficacy) and the process aspect (independence, resources accessibility, structured decision making, influence on final policy, and reaching consensus and promoting solidarity). It applied a before-and-after study design with four categories of organized groups as participants. We found that the civic groups forum appears to have more significant effects on organized groups that are marginal in policymaking than on those of privilege. More practices and studies related to the civic groups forum are needed, however. We made suggestions to the future of the civic groups forum. We also suggest to initiate a deliberation forum that facilitates dialogues between different types of organized groups to enhance the pubic participation in new democracy.

並列關鍵字

deliberative democracy ； public participation ； civic groups forum ； new democracy ； national health insurance

參考文獻

林國明、陳東升(2003)。公民會議與審議民主：全民健保的公民參與經驗。台灣社會學。6，61-118。

蕭新煌(2004)。台灣的非政府組織、民主轉型與民主治理。台灣民主季刊。1(1)，65-84。

顧忠華(1999)。公民結社的結構變遷－以台灣非營利組織的發展爲例。台灣社會研究季刊。36，123-145。

Abelson, Julia,Pierre-Gerlier Forest,John Eyles,Patricia Smith,Elisabeth Martin,Francois-Pierre Gauvin(2003).Deliberations about Deliberative Methods: Issues in the Design and Evaluation of Public Participation Processes.Social Science and Medicine.57(2),239-251.

Andersen, Ida-Elisabeth,Birgit J ger(1999).Danish Participatory Models.Science and Public Policy.26(5),331-340.