身心障礙之概念架構與社會意涵

The Conceptual Framework of Disability and Its Social Implications

董和銳(Ho-Jui Tung)

《身心障礙研究季刊》 1卷1期 (2003/07) Pp. 32-42

https://doi.org/10.30072/JDR.200307.0003

摘要

為了研究如何治療、預防、或減緩身心障礙的發生，我們必須先對身心障礙這個概念有完整的定義。然後才能夠去作測量、評估、及分類。這篇文章的主要目的，是要透過相關文獻的整理，來推敲身心障礙這個概念的醫療模式(Medical Model of Disability)與社會模式(Social Model of Disability)。
醫療模式主要是將「身心障礙」視為一種偏離「健康」的狀態。就如同疾病一樣，側重在研究身心障礙的發生原因(Etiology)、病理變化(Pathology)、及其醫療上症狀與結果(Manifestation)。這樣的醫療觀點僅看到了身心障礙的生物醫學面向的原因與結果，而忽視了身心障礙所帶來的社會及行為方面的影響與後果(Social and Behavioral Consequences)，更無法完整的了解身心障礙者在每天的生活中所面對的困境與挑戰。
本文將分為三個部分來說明身心障礙的概念架構及社會意涵。首先，我將解釋身心障礙與人口世代之疾病率及死亡率之關係，並說明其在臨床醫學或公共衛生的重要性。第二我將簡單敘述在公共衛生及流行病學領域如何測量、評估身心障礙以及其預防身心障礙的策略。最後一段將討論身心障礙的社會意涵。

關鍵字

失能過程 ； 功能限制 ； 身心障礙 ； 健康

並列摘要

A better understanding on the concept of disability is central to preventing and delaying the onset of disability. This article deals with the two models in the study of disability. In the medical model, disability is seen as individual characteristic that deviates from the medical norms, while a social model of disability treats disability as a gap between person and social environment. The relationship among morbidity, mortality, and disability is presented in the first section of this article, followed by a brief introduction on the disablement process and the measurement of disability. Different theoretical frameworks concerning disability are discussed as well.

並列關鍵字

concept of health ； disability ； disablement process ； functional limitation

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