從希臘、猶太到羅馬宗教的精神發展：在黑格爾《宗教哲學演講錄》的脈絡下

THE DEVELOPMENT OF RELIGIOUS SPIRIT FROM GREEK, JEWISH, TO ROMAN: IN THE CONTEXT OF HEGEL'S LECTURES ON PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

劉愛民(Ai-Min Liu)

《國立臺灣科技大學人文社會學報》 13卷4期 (2017/12) Pp. 359-383

摘要

東方宗教的特質，是把自然看作是實體，西方宗教則是把精神看作是實體，自然是精神的顯現場域。自然的特質是「外在性」，但精神的特質是「內在性」，這個從自然的「外在性」到精神的「內在性」的翻轉，是從東方宗教的「自然實體」原理到西方宗教的「精神主體」原理的轉化關鍵。從「自然宗教」到「希臘宗教」的發展，是從精神與自然的「異在性」到「直接同一」的發展；從「希臘宗教」到「猶太宗教」的發展，是從精神與自然的「同一」關係到「差異」關係的發展。從「自然宗教」到「猶太宗教」的發展，是一個從「存在的直接性」到「反思的間接性」的精神提昇，而達成這個轉化的過渡關鍵是「希臘宗教」；從「猶太宗教」到「羅馬宗教」的發展，是從「差異」到「矛盾」的發展；從「羅馬宗教」到「基督宗教」的發展，則是從「矛盾」到「統一」的發展。以邏輯語言來說，整個發展過程中，「精神與自然的關係」是以：異在性（自然宗教）、直接同一（希臘宗教）、差異（猶太宗教）、矛盾（羅馬宗教）、統一（基督宗教）的程序進行。這個異在性、直接同一、差異、矛盾、統一的進展程序，不僅是總念自身分化、自身回復的發展次序，同時也是自然宗教、希臘宗教、猶太宗教、羅馬宗教、基督宗教的歷史發展程序。

關鍵字

希臘宗教 ； 猶太宗教 ； 羅馬宗教 ； 基督宗教 ； 圓滿宗教

並列摘要

It is the distinguishing feature of Eastern religions to regard nature as an entity. Meanwhile, it is the norm of Western religions to regard spirit as an entity. The feature of nature tends to be ＂external＂ and the attribute of spirit is ＂internal.＂ The flipping from the ＂externality＂ (exogenous) of nature to the ＂internality＂ (endogenous) of the spirit is the key to the transformation of the ＂natural religion＂ of Eastern religions to the ＂spiritual subject＂ of Western religions. The development from a ＂natural religion＂ to ＂Greek religions＂ is the development from ＂difference＂ to ＂sameness.＂ And the development from ＂Greek religions＂ to the ＂Jewish religion＂ is the transition from the ＂sameness＂ of spirit and nature to the relations of ＂difference.＂ The development from ＂natural religion＂ to ＂Jewish religion,＂ it is the elevation of spirit from the ＂directness of existence＂ to the ＂reflection on indirectness.＂ The key to this transition is the Greek religion. The development of the ＂Jewish religion＂ to ＂Roman religions＂ is the development from ＂difference＂ to ＂paradox＂. And the development from ＂Roman religions＂ to ＂Christianity＂ is the development from ＂paradox＂ to ＂synthesis＂. In logical syntax, the entire process of this development is the ＂relations between spirit and nature＂ in the sequence of difference-existence (natural religion), sameness (Greek religion), difference (Jewish religion), paradox (Roman religion) to synthesis (Christianity). The developmental sequence of difference-existence, sameness, difference, paradox, and synthesis is not self-differentiation and self-recovery of der Begriff but also the sequence of the development of the natural religion, Greek religion, Jewish religion, Roman religion, and Christianity.

並列關鍵字

Greek religion ； Jewish religion ； Roman religion ； Christianity ； Consummate religion

參考文獻

McKeon, R. (Ed.) (1941). The basic works of Aristotle. New York, NY: Random House.

Burbidge, J. W.(1992).Hegel on logic and religion: the reasonableness of Christianity.Albany, NY:State University of New York Press.

Fackenheim, E. L.(1967).The religious dimension in Hegel's thought.Bloomington, IN:Indiana University Press.

Frederick, C. B.(2005).Hegel.London, UK:Taylor and Francis Group.

Hegel, G. W. F.(1970).Phänomenologie des Geistes.Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland:Suhrkamp Verlag.