孟子「知人論世」、「以意逆志」與杜詩解讀

The Relationship of Zhiren Lunshi and Yiyi Nizhi in the Mencius with the Interpretation of Du Fu Poems

蔡志超(Chih-Chao Tsai)

《淡江中文學報》 30期 (2014/06) Pp. 95-130

https://doi.org/10.6187/tkujcl.201406.30-4

摘要

孟子的「知人論世」與「以意逆志」兩說是傳統古典詩學中重要的議題，古人也時常藉由「知人論世」與「以意逆志」作為詮釋杜詩的主要進路。然而，在杜詩學中，目前學界較少探究這兩說與杜詩解讀間的關係。由於筆者關注杜詩詮釋的問題，因此本文嘗試探究此論題。本文主要是試圖探討孟子「知人論世」、「以意逆志」兩說與杜詩解讀間的關係，考查「知人論世」、「以意逆志」在杜詩詮釋上的應用與實踐。古人解讀杜詩多揭櫫孟子「知人論世」、「以意逆志」兩要法。若就杜詩的屬性而言，一方面，杜詩因為多敘及時事，因此杜詩往往可加以繫年，進而編定杜甫年譜，透過杜詩繫年與年譜的編定，使讀者得以知其人、論其世，提供更為整全的訊息以解讀杜詩，此即「知人論世」的應用。另一方面，杜詩中的情志與宗旨本是讀者解讀的對象；可是杜甫也講究詩法，而此詩法往往也是讀者解讀作品時須揣度迎合的對象，此即「以意逆志」的實踐。那麼，杜詩繫年與年譜的編定是「知人論世」的具體落實；除杜詩主意外，杜甫詩法的探究乃是「以意逆志」內涵的新方向。

關鍵字

孟子 ； 知人論世 ； 以意逆志 ； 杜詩 ； 解讀

並列摘要

The 2 principles of Zhiren lunshi (learning about poets by understanding the era in which they live) and Yiyi nizhi (inferring the author's intention of a poem based on the reader's personal impressions) in the Mencius are crucial to traditional classical poetics. However, few studies regarding Du Fu's poems have explored the relationship between these 2 principles and the interpretation of Du Fu's poetry. Thus, this study is conducted to fill this gap in the literature. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between the 2 principles (i. e., Zhiren lunshi and Yiyi nizhi in the Mencius) and the interpretation of Du Fu's poetry by identifying the application and implementation of these 2 principles when interpreting these poems. Scholars in ancient China typically interpreted Du Fu's poems according to the principles of Zhiren lunshi and Yiyi nizhi. Because Du Fu's poems involve narratives of social events, they can be used to compose historical chronicles and compile Du Fu's biographical chronology. Through the chronicles based on Du Fu's poetry and Du Fu's biographical chronology, readers can understand the era in which he lived and learn the background context of this ancient period. Subsequently, applying Zhiren lunshi provides comprehensive information for interpreting Du Fu's poems. In addition, although readers intend to interpret the sentiments and themes of Du Fu' poems based on their own perspectives, they must also surmise and conform to his theory of poetry, which he emphasized in his poems. Implementing the concept of Yiyi nizhi requires this type of interpretation and conjecture. In summary, composing chronicles based on Du Fu's poems and his biographical chronology concretely apply the principle of Zhiren lunshi, and interpreting Du Fu's poems and exploring his theory of poetry provides a newmanner of applying Yiyi nizhi.

並列關鍵字

Mencius ； Zhiren lunshi ； Yiyi nizhi ； Du Fu poetry ； interpretation

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