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台灣的工資補貼政策-中高齡失業勞動者再就業之檢視

The Wage Subsidy Policy of Taiwan-The Investigation of Re-employment in the Middle-aged and Older Unemployed Workers

摘要


中高齡勞工由於個人及結構的因素,難以憑藉自己的力量在就業市場中覓得流動的階梯和再就業的機會。長期以來,政府未曾停止過研擬促進或恢復中高齡勞工就業之政策,工資補貼即為一種開發民間潛在工作機會的機制,鼓勵雇主僱用中高齡等特殊勞動對象之就業發展政策。由國外經驗可知,工資補貼政策必須搭配就業服務或是職業訓練兩類型政策共同進行才得以發揮其成效,在辦法制訂則需力求嚴謹的制度面設計。然而台灣工資補貼政策之主要辦法-「僱用獎助方案」其修訂的方向卻朝著放寬適用對象,不分對象皆適用均一誘因標準的方向進行。據此,本文研究目的是以國際經驗檢視我國工資補貼制度設計之良莠,討論當前之工資補貼制度對於促進中高齡失業者再就業制度上之缺失,並以國外成功經驗提出制訂工資補貼政策之建議。本文的結果發現由於中高齡失業者面臨到雇主刻板印象所造成的低僱用意願,以職業訓練和就業推介所產生的成效有限。透過雇主誘因的提供,藉以開發民間潛在工作機會,靈活運用搭配的工資補貼政策,有助於中高齡失業者取得短期的就業機會,並期許能有穩定與長期的就業。但工資補貼政策卻非解決中高齡失業問題的萬靈丹,設計不良的政策不僅無法發揮成效,反而對勞動市場產生無謂損失、替代效果、錯置效果等負面衝擊。目前國外實施工資補貼政策朝著補助條件多元化、補助對象具體化和補助措施積極化三個方向進行。反觀台灣的「僱用獎助方案」,相較於其他國家經驗可發現其補助條件固定僵化、補助對象資格鬆散、且無搭配積極的職業訓練或就業服務,要發揮對中高齡失業者再就業的助益,在各個層面都應該重新加以定位與思考。雖然國際經驗未必全然適合移植於台灣,但對於推行工資補貼政策發展中的台灣,應具有其政策思考之意義。

並列摘要


Under the construction of the individual and structural factors, it is difficult to get a job again and floating slipper with their efforts for the middle and advanced age workers in labor market. For a long time, the government never stops to institutionalize or restore policies for the middle and advanced age workers. The wage subsidy becomes an opportunity of work and potential existence in civil society and encourages the employers to hire the more middle and advanced age workers. According to the experience of advanced countries, the wage of subsidy must collocate with the employment services and occupational training in the same time. However, the modification of main law' the subsidy of employer's hiring unemployment' toward to the loosened suitable objects and the same coincidence and criterion. This paper uses the international experiences to examine the design of subsidy and discusses the institution of the wage subsidy in enhance the reemployment of middle-advanced workers.The result of this paper find out the unemployment of middle advanced workers faces to the stereotype of employer in deficient hiring and the occupational training and employment matchmaker. By way of the subsidy of employers, it creates potential opportunities in civil society and the elastic manipulation in wage subsidy system will encourage the middle advanced workers catch the short-term opportunities of employment and stable employment. The wage subsidy will be not efficient, if it is a unwholesome design, on the contrary, it will generate some negative impacts, such as meaningless damage, the substitute effects and the effects of displace. The experience of wage subsidy develops toward to the diversity of subsidy condition, the concrete subsidy objects and the positive promotion of subsidy. On the contrary, law of the subsidy of employer's hiring unemployment' which appears the rigid subsidy condition, the loosened subsidy objects and no positive occupational training and employment services. Those deficiencies have to relocate the direction of development and reconsider the significant experiences for middle-advanced workers in Taiwan.

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