論《周書‧康誥》「德之說」涵義

On the Meaning of "Der" from Kang Mandate of Zhou Shu

邱豐饒(Feng-Rou Chiou)

《長庚人文社會學報》 6卷2期 (2013/10) Pp. 299-322

摘要

西伯原為殷商附屬，武王翦殷後，宗族掣肘，殷遺反叛，東夷拒服，致周初執政者勃興憂患省思，為合理化小邦周奪取大邑商之正當性，遂總結出文王以「德」得天命之邏輯，強調「皇天無親，惟德是輔」。所以殷喪天命是不敬厥德，周受天命是克明德慎罰，「德」不僅與「天」相關，更與「民」有著密不可分的聯繫。究此「德之說」理論，具有何種涵義？筆者參考傳世文獻，考釋甲骨文及周彝銘文有關「德」義，詳予剖析。

關鍵字

《周書》 ； 敬德保民 ； 明德慎罰 ； 天命靡常

並列摘要

Xibo was a vassal state of Shang dynasty. After King Wu of Zhou eliminated Shang dynasty, his clan impeded, adherents of Shang dynasty rebelled, and east barbarians declined to obey him. This led the governors of early Zhou dynasty raising the concern of potential perils. In order to legitimize the small vassal Zhou state replacing huge Shang dynasty, the authority concluded that King Wen of Zhou obtained the mandate by holding ”Der”. The authority emphasized that God only endows the mandate to those who holds ”Der” instead of those who has close relationship with God. Therefore, Shang dynasty lost the mandate because of their disdainful attitude to God, violation of the normative rule of God, and imprudent governing of their states. While Zhou got the mandate is because the governor led cleverly and executed penalty very sincerely. ”Der” is not only related to God but also close to the people.The author analyzed what the exact meaning of ”Der” from Zhou Part of Esteemed Documents is by referring the ancient classics and interpreting the oracle bone script and inscriptions.

並列關鍵字

Zhou Part of Esteemed Documents ； Reverence to "Der" and Protecting People ； Clever Lead and Sincere Execution of Penalty ； the Non Forever Destiny

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