「軍三民七」的確立和調適－－明代漕船修造的料額制度

The System of Quotas to Assign Costs of Construction and Maintenance of Grand Canal Grain Tax Ships to Civilian and Military Funding Sources in Ming

易嘉碧(Jiabi YI)

軍三民七 ； 衛造 ； 廠造 ； 團造 ； 散造 ； grain tax ； Ming dynasty ； Grand canal ； shipbuilding

歷史人類學學刊

14卷2期（2016 / 10 / 01）

1 - 45

繁體中文

洪武時期，漕運分為南運和北運兩綫，南運行民運，北運行軍運。永樂改海運為河運，在舊有傳統上推行運法改革，呈現出軍運逐步取代民運的趨勢，軍用漕船的需求增大。宣德年間，漕運運法由支運改兌運，加劇這一趨勢。在此影響下漕船的修造形成湖廣、江西、浙江、江南直隸等總為衛所自造和南京、鎮江、江北直隸等總為清江廠造的漕船修造格局。廠造和衛造的船料皆採用軍三民七的分配原則，軍三民七料額制度的調整和運作成為影響廠造和衛造內部演變的重要因素。廠造體制和衛造體制演變背後，是漕運制度在有漕省份內部的差異性，也是對洪永體制的突破。

In the Hongwu period of the early Ming, the grain tax transportation system was divided into northern and southern routes. The former relied on military labor and procurement and the latter on civilian sources. During the Yongle reign of the early fifteenth century, transport along the Grand Canal replaced the previous system of transport by sea. Thereafter civilian roles were increasingly transferred to the military, raising the army's need for vessels to transport the grain. In the Xuande period, this trend was intensified because the direct payment of the grain tax by taxpayers in some areas was replaced by a transmission system in which the army took over responsibilty for shipping the tax. It was in this context that a geographically differentiated system for shipbuilding emerged. In Huguang, Zhejiang, and those parts of Zhili south of the Yangzi, military Guards built grain 甘ansport s趾ps themselves. In Zhenjiang and the parts of Zhili north of the Yangzi the construction was done by the Qingjiang boatworks. The costs of procurement of materials for both the Guards and the boatworks were allocated in a ratio of 30% to the military and 70% to civilian districts. This system was an important factor shaping boat construction in both the boatworks and the Guards. Underlying the changes in both systems were regional differences in the grain transport system. This variation reflects a breakthrough from the early Ming system.