土地、繼承與家族－八旗制度影響下的華北地方社會

Lands, Succession, and Clan: Local Society in North China under the Influence of the Eight Banners System

邱源媛(Yuanyuan QIU)

《歷史人類學學刊》 15卷2期 (2017/10) Pp. 17-51

摘要

金，元以降，華北作為王朝的政治中心，國家權力對其基層社會的滲透較之其他地域更為普遍而深入。清代華北地區的主體居民是「旗人」和以「漢人」為主體的民人，前者隸屬八旗系統，後者歸州縣管理，二者在管理體制，人群構成，社會屬性等方面區別甚大，國家權力在兩個社會中的滲透方式也截然不同。本文重點討論遍佈畿輔地區為數甚眾的莊園人群，莊頭，園頭等旗人看似與民人地主一樣，擁有大量土地，實際上，他們是奴僕身份，只有有限的土地使用權，沒有土地所有權。在法律上，他們無法決定土地的使用方式、不能買賣；倘有差錯，即遭革退；年老之後，也不能由自己來決定繼承人，異姓繼承的情況相當普遍。有清一代，大量旗人居住在華北，八旗制度對華北，尤其對直隸鄉村基層社會的滲透，使得該處旗人社會不可能出現類似華南的族産以及宗族社區，也難以形成地方宗族勢力。可以說，畿輔區域與其他區域之所以不同，不僅僅在於地域，很大程度還在於制度（八旗制度）。該區域因八旗制度而產生的種種特性，為探索淸代鄉村基層社會、民族關係、國家統治等問題提供了一個獨特的視角。

關鍵字

八旗制度 ； 旗人 ； 華北 ； 地方社會

並列摘要

Following the shift of the political center of the Chinese state to north China in the Jin and Yuan dynasties, state power penetrated more deeply into regional society. In the Qing, two main sociopolitical systems were used to administer local society: the Eight Banners, which had oversight over Bannermen, and the prefectural administration system, which held jurisdiction over ＂commoners＂ (min). The composition and characteristics of these two populations were significantly different, as were the mechanisms by which they were administered and their relationship with state power. This paper examines Bannerman residing in manors (zhuangyuan) in Zhili. Although some owned massive landholdings, their status had many attributes associated with slavery. They had limited rights over the use of their land, which they could not trade freely. They could be dismissed or punished, with punishments extending to the forfeiture of their property. Nor could they choose who would inherit their land upon their incapacitation or death-rather, this was subject to the decision of the Banner organization. Manor clans were often succeeded even by people of different surnames. As a result of the very different ways in which Qing power shaped banner and commoner societies society in north China, especially in Zhili, developed differently from south China. Complex corporate and property-owning lineages did not emerge in the north. In Eight Banner society it would have been difficult to form a strong lineage. The Eight Banners system itself thus had a decisive impact on the rural grassroots organization of the region, which previous scholarship has assumed to be simply ＂Chinese＂ through to the twentieth century. The social and economic organization of the Bannermen thus offers a unique perspective for exploring grassroots rural society, ethnic relations state rule and other issues of Qing history.

並列關鍵字

Eight Banners System ； Bannermen ； North China ； Local society