環境保護行為的機制與路徑

The Mechanisms and Paths of the Pro-environmental Behavior

宋大峯(Ta-Fong Sung)

指導教授 ： 高淑貴

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/農業推廣學研究所/博士(2007年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2007.00259

摘要

本研究同時使用量化與質化兩種研究取向探討個人的環保行為，策略上，前者使用大規模且有信度的調查報告，以結構方程模式探討變項間的關係，後者使用深入訪談與觀察法，應用扎根理論的概念與技巧，暸解環保行為的影響機制與發生歷程。有效調查問卷1664份，深入訪談人數20位。
量化資料發現：大部分的心理變項，男女間並無差異，但在「環保行為」方面，三個觀察指標皆以女性表現較積極。另外，教育程度高、經濟地位高以及都市居民，其「環保行為」較其他類屬的民眾頻繁。當模式加入人口變項後，一些心理變項對「環保行為」的影響從顯著變為不顯著，表示這些心理變項其實是虛假變項，反而是「性別」、「年齡」、「教育程度」、「經濟地位」、「都市化程度」等人口變項，對「環保行為」的影響是顯著的。無論模式是否加入人口變項，「付費意願」對「環保行為」的影響都是顯著的。
質化資料瞭解到民眾對於「環保行為」的一般概念，教育程度高者，環保概念較豐富，性別與居住地區的不同其環保概念也有差異。由於「環保政策不同」所帶來的「城鄉差異」，以及「環保行為」中的「性別效應」，是值得注意的。多數受訪者認為影響環保行為的主要因素是「品格」與「教育」。
根據受訪者「環保行為」的執行現況、動機與困難，發現影響個人環境保護行為的因素，可分成正面與負面兩種力量，這兩種力量都包括了「個人特質」以及「外在環境」兩部分，個人特質方面包括：「品格」與「能力」，外在環境方面包括：「環保政策」以及「社會期待與支持」。
以「個人」及「環境」兩個座標軸形成正正、正負、負負、負正四個不同的力量象限，個人環保行為的執行力會因處在不同象限，而有積極或消極的反應，同時也發現雖然有很高的環境關懷意識，但若缺乏足夠的執行力，仍然不會有積極的環保行為。
建議後續的研究，可以採用典範跨越的觀點，以多元研究方法的策略，同時考慮量化與質化兩種分析結果，使能更清楚暸解環保行為的影響機制。在研究模式上，則應將人口變項一併納入討論，以確知變項間真正的關係。質化部份則可增加觀察的次數與時間。實務的應用上，政府、學校與環保相關機構，應加強民眾的「環保知識」、「環保教育」、「品格教育」與「宗教教育」，政府也應在「環保政策」上配合民眾的需求。

關鍵字

環境保護行為 ； 環境風險知覺 ； 環境改善知覺 ； 相對環境價值知覺 ； 付費意願 ； 結構方程模式 ； 扎根理論 ； 城鄉差異 ； 性別效應

並列摘要

Quantitative and qualitative research methods were utilized in this study of individual pro-environmental behavior. Quantitative analysis of census data and structure equation modeling was performed to investigate the relationship between variables. Qualitative research methods adopted the concepts and techniques of grounded theory. In-depth interviews and observations were conducted to examine mechanisms and processes of pro-environmental behavior. There were 1664 effective questionnaires and 20 interviewees in this study.
Quantitative analysis revealed that most psychological variables did not differ between male and female subjects. However, the three observed variables of pro-environmental behavior were more constructive in females than in males. Further, highly educated, high-economic state and urban residents were more active about pro-environmental behavior than other people. After including demographic variables in the model, it is revealed that some psychological factors influencing pro-environmental behavior change from obvious to unobvious; this indicated that these psychological variables were in fact spurious variables, on the contrary, demographic variables such as “gender”, “age”, “education level”, “economic status”, “degree of urbanization”, obviously influence pro-environmental behavior. Whether or not demographic variables were included in this model, the influence of “willing to pay” was on pro-environmental behavior.
Qualitative analysis found what was the general concepts of pro-environmental behavior of people. Higher-educated people have more various pro-environmental concepts compared to lower-educated, and the concepts vary with gender and residential area difference. The “rural-urban differences” caused by the “pro-environmental policy dissimilarity” and the “gender effect” in “pro-environmental behavior” were noticeable. Most interviewees thought “character” and “education” as two main factors influencing pro-environmental behavior.
According to current conditions, motivation and difficulty of the execution of pro-environmental behavior, the two factors influencing pro-environment behavior were categorized, one was positive the other was negative. The two “strengths” involved the components “personality” and “outside environmental condition”; “personality” involved “character” and “ability’; “outside environmental condition” involved “pro-environmental policy” and “society expectancy and support”.
With “personal” and “environment” as two axis coordinates forming four different strength quadrants: positive-positive, positive-negative, negative-positive, and negative-negative, personal execution of pro-environmental behavior would be placed in different quadrant, and express positive or negative reaction. Despite having environmental concerns, lack of execution prevents active pro-environmental action.
Further studies may consider paradigm crossing with multiform study strategy and consider applying quantitative and qualitative methods to clarify the mechanisms of pro-environmental behavior by introducing demographic variables into the model. Qualitative analysis would require increased frequency and duration of observation. Regarding actual application, the government, schools and the pro-environmental organizations should strengthen the people's "pro-environmental knowledge", “pro-environmental education”, “character education” and “religion education”, and the government should also response to people's need on “pro-environmental policy”.

並列關鍵字

pro-environmental behavior ； environmental risk perception ； environmental improvement perception ； relative environmental value perception ； willing to pay ； structure equation modeling ； grounded theory ； rural-urban differences ； gender effect

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