Title

宏觀車流理論下的出發時間及停車選擇均衡模型與停車策略研究

Translated Titles

Parking Policy Based on Departure Time and Parking Choices Equilibrium Model with Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram

DOI

10.6342/NTU202002737

Authors

萬平盟

Key Words

出發時間選擇 ； 路邊停車 ； 停車方式選擇 ； 宏觀車流理論 ； 旅行成本均衡 ； Departure time choice ； Curbside parking ； Parking choice ； MFD ； Equilibrium

PublicationName

臺灣大學土木工程學研究所學位論文

Volume or Term/Year and Month of Publication

2020年

Academic Degree Category

碩士
Advisor

坂井勝哉
Content Language

英文
Chinese Abstract

近年來停車問題變得越來越重要，因為持續增加的汽車擁有率卻仍保持相同數量的可停車土地。因此，有些國家的政府藉著允許道路邊側可停車的「路邊停車」來試著增加可停車容量。良好的「路邊停車」管理是很重要的，它可以避免因為超量需求的停車競爭而導致的交通壅塞。 這篇論文闡述一個出發時間選擇及停車選擇平衡模型。其根據四個假設：一、只存在「路邊停車」及「室內停車」此二種停車方式。二、每位停車者的旅行成本包含旅行時間、時程延遲及緩慢巡行。三、找到可使用的路邊停車空間之機率可被Arnott(2017)模型所描述。四、「宏觀基本圖」根據了交通壅塞，其中路網的車輛速度與其路網的車輛累積呈「反變」關係。其平衡使用了「相繼平均法」來求解。之後，透過選擇不同的路邊停車費率及容量，我們可以提供一個政策致使最低的社會成本(即最高的利益)發生。 當「路邊停車」的停車費率及容量變動時，其需求反應將會被改變。當「路邊停車」的停車費率或容量低於「室內停車」的停車費率或容量時，使用者傾向於提早出發去抵達較便宜的停車空間且他們將會支付時程延遲的懲罰成本。相反地，如果「路邊停車」及「室內停車」的停車費率沒有很大的差異時，使用者將會選擇幾乎相同的時間出發，而此又會致使交通壅塞的發生，並增加使用者的旅行時間。最後，當旅行時間的影響較小時，「路邊停車」的停車費率及容量則需要被提升。
English Abstract

Recently, parking problems become more serious because the number of owning cars is increasing but a number of park-able lands are still the same. Hence, some governments tried to increase the parking capacity by allowing the side of the road to be park-able which is called “Curbside parking”. It’s important to have good management in this parking to avoid the congestion caused by competition. This paper develops a departure time choice and parking choice equilibrium model, based on the assumptions: (1) There are only 2 types of the parking lot to park; curbside parking and garage parking (2) Travel cost of every parker is including the times of driving, schedule delay and parking toll, (3) The probability to find a vacant space of curbside parking can be described by Arnott’s model (2017) and (4) Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram based traffic congestion: the vehicles’ speed in the network has the reverse variation with the accumulation. The equilibrium is calculated by a Method of Successive Average algorithm. Then, the policy from varied curbside parking fees and capacity will be carried out by choosing from the policy strategy that gives the lowest social cost which refers to it can give the highest benefit. The flow pattern will be changed when the curbside parking fee and capacity are varied. When the curbside parking fee is clearly lower than the garage parking fee or capacity, the drivers tend to depart earlier to reach the cheaper parking lot. They will own a penalty cost from the schedule cost. On the other hand, if both parking fees are not too different the drivers will depart almost the same time which causes congestion which extends the driver’s travel time. When the travel time has less impact, the curbside parking fee and capacity need to be increased.
Topic Category 工學院 > 土木工程學研究所
工程學 > 土木與建築工程
Reference
  1. Alroth, W., 1999, Parking and terminals. In Transportation Engineering Handbook, 5th edn. Washington DC: Institute of Transportation Engineers.
  2. Anderson, S. and A. de Palma., 2004, The economics of pricing parking. Journal of Urban Economics, 55, 1-20.
  3. Anderson, S. and A. de Palma., 2007, Parking in the city. Papers in Regional Science, 86, 621-632.
  4. Arnott, R., A. de Palma and R. Lindsey, 1992, A temporal and spatial equilibrium analysis of commuter parking. Journal of Public economics, 45, 301 -335.
  5. Arnott, R. and M. Kraus., 2003, Principles of transportation economics. In R.W. Hall, ed., Handbook of Transportation Science, 2nd edn. Berlin: Springer, pp. 689-726.
  6. Arnott, R., T. Rave and R. Schoeb, 2005, Some downtown parking arithmetic. Alleviating Urban Traffic Congestion, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Chapter 2.
  7. Arnott, R. and J. Rows, 1999, Modeling parking, Journal of Urban economics, 45, 97-124. Retrieved from http://www.idealibrary.com.
  8. Arnott, R. and J. Rows, 2009a, Downtown parking in auto city. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 39, 1-14.
  9. Arnott, R. and J. Rows, 2009b, Curbside parking time limits, Mimeo.
  10. Arnott, R. and P. Williams, 2017, Cruising for parking around a circle, Transportation Research Part B: Methodology,104, 357-375, Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191261516309882
  11. Backcare., (2015). Driving and back pain, Retrieved from www.backcare.org.uk › wp-content › uploads › 2015/02.
  12. Beneson, I. and K. Martens, 2008, From modeling parking search to establishing urban parking policy. Kuenstliche Intelligenz,2/2008, 8-13.
  13. Beneson, I., K. Martens and S. Birfir, 2008, PARK AGENT: An agent-based model of parking in the city. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 32, 431-439.
  14. Bonsall, P. and I. Palmer, 2002, Modeling drivers’ car parking behavior using data from a traffic choice simulator. Transportation Science, 12, 321-347.
  15. Boston Transportation department, 2001, Parking in Boston: Access Boston 2000-2010.
  16. Calthrop, E. 2001, Essay in Urban Transportation Economics, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
  17. Chrest, A., M. Smith, S. Bhuyan, D. Monahan and D. Iqbal, 2004, Parking Structure: Planning, Design, Construction, Maintenance and Repair, 3rd edn. Boston, MA: Kluwer.
  18. City of Boston, 2001, Guidelines by the Boston Transportation Department for use by Zoning Board of Appeal, 5, parking ratios, Mimeo.
  19. City of Riverside Redevelopment Agency, 2002, Comprehensive downtown parking study. Mimeo, Wilbur Smith Associates.
  20. d’Amato, A. 2006, Organization and operational review of parking at the City of Los Angeles Department of Transportation. LA Department of Transportation Parking Report.
  21. Davis, S. C., Boundy, R. G., 2020, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 38.1. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved from https://tedb.ornl.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2020/02/TEDB_Ed_38_04302020.pdf#page=176.
  22. de Correño, A., 2002, The dynamics of on street parking in large central cities. NYU Rudin Center for Transportation Policy and Management.
  23. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2006, Parking spaces/community places: finding the balance through smart growth solutions. EPA 231-K-06-001, Washington DC.
  24. European Commission, 2001, Parking policy measures and their effects on mobility and the economy.
  25. Geroliminis, N. and Daganzo, C.F., 2007, Macroscopic modeling of traffic in cities,
  26. Proceedings of the 88th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting (TRB), Transportation Research Board, Washington, p. 16p.
  27. Geroliminis, N. and Daganzo, C.F., 2008, Existence of urban-scale macroscopic fundamental diagrams: some experimental findings. Transportation Research Part B: Methodology, 42 (9), 759–770.
  28. Glazer, A. and E. Niskanen, 1992, Parking fees and congestion. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 22, 123-132.
  29. Inci, E., 2015, A review of the economics of parking, Economics of Transportation4, 50–63.
  30. Info-Sage Inc.,2003, Guide to Boston pricing.
  31. Jakle, J. and K. Sculle, 2004, Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture, Charlottesville VA, University of Virginia Press.
  32. Lam, W., Z. Li, H. Huang and S. Wong, 2006, Modeling time-dependent travel choice problems in road network with multiple user classes and multiple facilities. Transportation Research Part B: Methodology, 40, 368-395.
  33. Lamotte, R., Geroliminis, N. (2018). The morning commute in urban areas with heterogeneous trip lengths, Transportation Research Part B 117, 794–810.
  34. Litman, T., 2005, Transportation cost and benefit analysis, 5.4. Parking. Victoria Transportation Policy Institute. Retrieved from https://vtpi.org/
  35. Litman, T., 2006, Parking taxes, evaluating options and impacts. Victoria Transportation Policy Institute. Retrieved from https://vtpi.org/parking_tax.pdf
  36. Litman, T., 2008, Parking management: strategies, evaluation and planning. Victoria Transportation Policy Institute. Retrieved from https://vtpi.org/park_man.pdf
  37. Mathew, V. T., 2008., Fundamental relations of traffic flow, an online presentation,
  38. Retrieved from https://slideplayer.com/slide/12982685/.
  39. Mohring, H., 1976, Transportation Economics, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  40. National Parking Association (NPA), 2008, Parking in America. The National Parking Association’s first annual review of parking rate in the United States and Canada.
  41. Quinet, E. and R. Vickerman, 2004, Principles of Transport Economics. Cheltenham, Uk: Edward Elgar.
  42. Roth, G., 1965, Paying for Parking. London: Institute for Economic Affair.
  43. Salanié, B., 2000, The Microeconomics of Market Failures, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
  44. San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA), 2008, San Francisco Transportation Fact Sheet.
  45. Sandmo, A., 2004, The theory of tax evasion: the retrospective view. Discussion paper 2004, 31, Norwegian school of Economics.
  46. Scotchmer, S., 1985, Profit maximizing club. Journal of Public Economics, 27, 25-45.
  47. Sheffi, Y, 1985, Urban Transportation Networks: Equilibrium Analysis with Mathematical Programming Methods, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  48. Shoup, D., 2005, The High Cost of Free Parking. Chicago, IL: American Planning Association, Planners Press.
  49. Small, K. and E. Verhoef, 2007, The Economics of Urban Transportation. Abingdon, England: Routledge.
  50. Taipei city government, 2016, Demographic overview, Retrieved from https://english.gov.taipei/cp.aspx?n=C619997124A6D293
  51. Urban Land Institute and the National Parking Association, 2005, The Dimensions of Parking. 4th edn. Washington DC: Urban Land Institute.
  52. Verhoef, E., P. Nijkamp and P. Rietveld, 1995, The economics of regulatory parking policies: the (im)possibilities of parking policies in traffic regulation. Transportation Research Part A, 29, 141-156.
  53. Vickrey, W., 1954, The economizing of curb parking space. Traffic Engineering. November, 62-67. Reprinted in Journal of Urban Economics. 36, 1994, 42-65.
  54. Vickrey, W., 1969, Congestion theory and transport investment. American Economic Review Papers and Proceeding. 53, 452-465.
  55. Walters, A., 1961, The theory and measurement of private and social cost of highway congestion. Econometrica, 29, 676-699.
  56. Wardman, M., 2001, A review of British evidence on time and service quality valuations. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 37, 107-128.
  57. Wilson, J., 1983, Optimal road capacity in the presence of unpriced congestion. Journal of Urban Economics, 13, 337-357.
  58. Young, W., 2000, Modeling parking in D.A. Hensher and K.J. Button, eds, Handbook of Transport Modeling. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 409-420.
print cancel