論國家管轄外區域生物多樣性具法律拘束力之國際文件與國際海事組織間有關以區域為基礎之管理工具職權之互動機制設計：以預警途徑之適用為例

本文旨在就國家管轄外區域生物多樣性具法律拘束力之國際文件以及國際海事組織兩者之間，針對以區域為基礎之管理工具職權，建立一套得以協調雙方意見之互動機制，並以預警途徑之適用為例。有鑑於聯合國有關國家管轄外區域生物多樣性具法律拘束力之國際文件談判已進入最後階段，待其正式通過後，國際海洋秩序中之建制複合現象，特別是在以區域為基礎之管理工具部分必然有所加劇，而亟需一套用以協調各方職權之機制。故本研究遂採海洋建制中，組織目標性質與生物多樣性養護及永續使用相去最遠的國際海事組織作為研究對象，並以此二者之條件為基礎，探討該互動機制應如何設計。此外，考慮到預警途徑不僅在國家管轄外區域生物多樣性國際文件之談判中被認定為重要指導原則，同時其亦是近來海洋治理學界中極為關注的整合式海洋管理之要件之一，本文遂選定預警途徑作為研究此一互動機制應如何設計之範例。研究流程上，本文主要分為三個步驟。第一，為了解預警途徑的適用對於生物多樣性養護有什麼樣的助益，本文首先必須釐清預警途徑之內涵及詮釋為何。第二，在整理過預警途徑之內涵及詮釋後，即能夠針對國家管轄外區域生物多樣性國際文件以及國際海事組織之預警途徑適用進行探討，並比較兩者間之差異何在。第三，針對第二步驟所得出之差異，設計一套能夠協調此種意見不一致之互動機制，同時須考量到條約在組織關係上的既定限制。最終根據本研究發現，國家管轄外區域生物多樣性國際文件以及國際海事組織在預警途徑之適用上，分屬於中度偏強預警與中度預警程度。而為協調其間之程度差異，本文主張此一互動機制之關鍵係在於融入預警途徑所強調之比例性的運用，以確保雙方能夠在不過度影響到組織個別任務的同時，亦可完善各以區域為基礎之管理工具的整合式海洋管理實踐，終不偏廢任一功能。

關鍵字

國家管轄外區域生物多樣性；國際海事組織；以區域為基礎之管理工具；整合式管理；預警途徑；建制複合；制度設計

並列摘要

This study aims to design an interactive mechanism concerning the competence over area-based management tools between the international legally binding instrument of biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction and the International Maritime Organization, and with special reference to the application of precautionary approach. The negotiation on the international legally binding instrument of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction is about to reach its’ final conclusion. Once the instrument is officially established, the regime complex in international maritime order, especially on area-based management tools, will definitely become more serious, and thus is in need of a mechanism to coordinate the competences among them. Therefore, this study took International Maritime Organization, an organization with very different goal and character comparing to the international legally binding instrument of marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, as a target, and developed the interactive mechanism based on both of their conditions. Moreover, given that the precautionary approach not only was considered as one of the most important guiding principles in the negotiation of biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, but also as an element of the integrated management, a focal point in the field of marine management recently, this study drew insights from the precautionary approach for the design of the interactive mechanism. This study includes three parts. In order to know how the application of precautionary approach can be beneficial to the conservation of biodiversity, it clarified the concept and different kinds of interpretations of the precautionary approach in the first part. Next, it explored how international legally binding instrument of marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction and the International Maritime Organization applied the precautionary approach respectively, and compared the differences between them based on the findings of the first part. Last, it designed an interactive mechanism to coordinate the differences identified in the second part, while taking into account the given limitation of the relationship between the two international regimes at the same time. The result shows that the international legally binding instrument of marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction applies the precautionary approach in a moderately strong sense, and the International Maritime Organization applies it in a moderate sense. In order to coordinate their difference on the application of the precautionary approach, the study claims that the key of the interactive mechanism should be proportionality emphasized by the precautionary approach. It ensures that the regime will not have serious impact on each other’s own task, while optimizing the application of integrated management on the area-based management tools without neglecting any necessary functions.