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  • 學位論文

具高導電性之非螺旋性三核混金屬(Mo2/M)串錯合物之合成與研究

Syntheses and Studies of Nonhelical Trinuclear (Mo2/M) Heterometallic String Complexes with High Single- Molecule Conductance

指導教授 : 彭旭明

摘要


本篇論文研究在於使用新穎的不對稱型萘啶酮(1,8-naphthyridin-2(1H)-one, Hnpo)配基來合成出一系列以鉬鉬雙金屬為主體的非螺旋性三核異金屬串錯合物,並透過固態單晶結構、磁性、循環伏安法、電子吸收光譜、紅外線吸收光譜與核磁共振儀來鑑定及探討其性質,最後利用STM breaking junction的方法來量測化合物之導電性,測得導電度偏高為目前金屬串中導電度最好的系列,並證實此類型金屬串錯合物具有作為分子導線(molecular wire)的潛能。將不對稱型萘啶酮配基和鉬鉬雙核金屬化合物(Mo2(OAc)4)及不同的過渡金屬鹽類以4: 1.2 : 2 的比例置於萘燒瓶中以萘(naphthalene)作為溶劑,於高溫220 oC含氬氣(Ar)的條件下進行萘燒反應1.5個小時,接著使用NaNCS及LiCl作為軸向配基的來源,接著透過分層養晶(bilayer)的方式即可得到鉬鉬雙金屬為主體的三核異金屬串錯合物(Mo2M(npo)4X2, X = Cl, NCS; M= Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd, Ru, Rh, Ir,在經過單晶繞射解析後發現,此類型的金屬串大多會以(2,2) trans form形式存在,而配基與軸向配基皆沒有發生失序(disorder)的現象,但在中心金屬離子的部分卻發現了失序的現象,位於金屬串兩端的鉬金屬與金屬離子(M)皆為五配位型式,分別與兩個氧原子、兩個氮原子及軸向配基進行鍵結,中間的鉬金屬離子則為四配位的型式與四個氮原子配位,而此配位型式與傳統的dipyridylamine (Hdpa)所構成的金屬串有很大的差異;其中值得注意的是在合成鉬鉬鐵的混金屬串時,得到了較特別(4,0) form的鉬鉬鐵金屬串,且此金屬串並無任何失序的發生,所以在結構探討上是非常有幫助的,位於金屬串兩端的鉬金屬與鐵金屬離子皆為五配位型式,鐵金屬與四個氧原子及NCS軸向配基鍵結,而鉬鉬雙金屬皆以氮原子配位,其鍵結模式與(2,2) trans form有很大的差別。這一系列的金屬串錯合物的鉬鉬金屬離子間的距離會因軸向配基的不同而有些微的差距,因軸向配基NCS與Cl相較起來是較為強場的配位基,使得鉬鉬離子間的距離會較為稍長,但大致都上都落於2.1 Å鉬鉬四重鍵的合理範圍內,所以推測兩者之間存在著四重鍵(quadruple bond)的作用力,由配基的共振式發現負電荷多集中於氧原子,這也導致了鉬氧鍵的距離都比鉬氮鍵來的短,而在於quadruple bond的作用力δ bond是很重要的角色,因此系列的配基較為剛性而合成出的金屬串都平面較佳,所以將此系列的金屬串與傳統Hdpa配基所合成的MoMoNi金屬串來做比較,並透過電子吸收光譜及電子密度函數的理論計算來探討他們的 δ bond強度的比較;將此系列的金屬串送測磁性測量後發現,這一系列金屬串皆為順磁的化合物;最後測量其導電性,發現此系列金屬串的導電值都偏高,且鉬鉬鐵金屬串的導電值是目前實驗室金屬串中最好的(20 (±1.2) × 10-3 G0 (0.63 (±0.39)) MΩ)),導電值的數據也證實了四重鍵對於導電性的重要性,並驗證了我們的設計方式是正確的。此外也使用金屬取代的合成方式來合成金屬串,使用錯合物Mo2Fe(npo)4(NCS)2 (4)作為起始物,與鎳金屬鹽類或鈷金屬鹽類在高溫220 oC反應,三十分鐘後即可透過金屬取代方式成功得到Mo2Ni(npo)4(NCS)2與Mo2Co(npo)4(NCS)2的金屬串,此方式大幅提高了反應的產率及純度;我們也成功合成以釕雙核(Ru)做為起始物的異三核金屬串以及其它同核的金屬串(Cr, Ru, Rh),並且成功得到Ru3(npo)4Cl2•PF6 (22)及Ru3(npo)4(NCS)2 (23)的晶體結構,且這兩個Ru三核的金屬串皆沒有失序的現象發生,因此在結構的探討上可以更加詳細。

並列摘要


The concept of single-molecule electronics has attracted the interest of many scientists across various disciplines on the platform of nanotechnology. Among these molecular systems, molecules featuring chains of transition-metal atoms are of great interest for their potential applications in molecular electronic devices, because these complexes resemble macroscopic metal wires in a miniature form at the atomic scale. The development of heteronuclear metal string complexes (HMSCs) provides an ideal system for the investigation of the nature of heterometallic electronic effects and molecular electronic applications. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of three HMSCs with planar 1,8-naphthyridin-2(1H)-one (Hnpo) ligand-stabilized tri-metal cores. The frameworks of these HMSCs 1-13, Mo2M(npo)4X2, M= Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, X = Cl, NCS were determined to be nonsymmetric by X-ray diffraction, in spite of disordered metal centers. These HMSCs are isostructural (2,2)-trans structure. Unlike those supported by dpa–, these npo-based HMSCs are not helical. A smaller dihedral angle of ∠N-Mo-Mo-N is envisaged to be more favourable for inter-molybdenum dx2-y2 interactions, leading to a larger Mo–Mo bond order. Measurements of the magnetic properties were carried out on a SQUID magnetometer. The members of this new series of HMSCs are paramagnetic due to the terminal 3d-metal ions. The conductance of the complexes was studied by the method of STM-BJ (scanning tunnelling microscopy-based break junction) in which the molecular junctions of electrode-molecule-electrode configurations were generated by breaking the fused tip-substrate contact. The conductance of metal strings was found correlated strongly with metal-metal interactions or bond orders. HMSCs 4, 6 and 8 exhibit higher conductance than homometallic predecessors like [Ni3(dpa)4(NCS)2] and [Cr3(dpa)4(NCS)2]. The increase can be attributed to the Mo Mo quadruple bond of these complexes. The transformation of MoMoFe to MoMoNi and MoMoCo heteronuclear complexes can be achieved by direct metal replacement. The metal substitution method improves not only the purity but also the yield. In addition to the high electric conductance for the potential applications as molecular wires, these new HMSCs are the first series of non-helical metal strings in which the ligands are co-planar with the metal-atom chain. In the second part, we also successfully synthesized triruthenium metal string, [Ru3(npo)4Cl2][PF6] (22) and [Ru3(npo)4(NCS)2] (23) supported by Hnpo ligands. X-ray single crystal analysis shows that compound 22 and 23 exhibits a nonlinear [Ru3]7+ and [Ru3]6+ backbone (∠= 172.72° and ∠=170.62°) with Ru–Ru bond lengths (2.324 and 2.303 Å). We propose compound 22 is paramagnetic species and compound 23 is diamagnetic species.

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