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  • 學位論文

探討歐盟性別平等政策發展:以工作與家庭平衡為例

Exploring the Development of the EU Gender Equality Policy: The Case of Work-Family Balance

指導教授 : 施世駿

摘要


1990年代勞動力市場和家庭結構改變,挑戰著歐盟各會員國建立起的福利國家。因此,從1990年代後,歐盟提出許多關於工作與家庭的指令,以利工作與家庭之間的平衡。「性別主流化」成為歐盟一種治理的策略,在所有政策的制定與實施中具有性別觀點,以確保資源可在不同性別之中獲得平等的享用。「開放協調法」的運用,透過執委會和社會夥伴進行社會對話,在協商的機制下,使歐盟的社會整合更加邁進,透過同儕的壓力,以利於會員國的趨同。 從本研究可得知,歐盟先從立法上講求平等,不斷的強調同工同酬、平等機會、平等對待等原則,以及改變結構性的不平等與禁止直接和間接的歧視產生。在2000年提出「歐洲就業策略」,在就業政策發展過程中,逐漸意識到「彈性安全策略」是主要的思維模式,並且影響歐盟家庭政策的發展。 家庭政策中的親職假與托育政策,將照顧兒童的責任不僅限於家庭和女性,而是由國家提供托育服務,達到「去家庭化」。男性申請親職假,與女性一同承擔家庭的照顧責任,達到「再家庭化」。透過就業政策與家庭政策的相輔相成,能讓工作與家庭之間可以達到平衡。 近年來臺灣因應少子化與高齡化的社會來臨,瞭解到國家需將兒童的照顧責任從家庭中釋放出來。2012年施行之托育整合制度,有助於女性進入勞動力市場中。再透過親職假與育兒津貼的實施,將對於臺灣家庭政策之實施有重大的幫助。因此,驗證借鑑歐盟經驗於臺灣是可行的。透過政策面、制度面的改變,進而影響到社會的價值觀,也才能使性別雙方在工作與家庭之間獲得平衡,最終的目標將可以實現性別平等。

並列摘要


Since 1990s, the labor market and family structures have changed, challenging the Member States to establish welfare countries in the EU. Therefore, from the 1990s, the EU put forward a lot of directives in order to facilitate the balance between work and family. "Gender mainstreaming" has become one governing strategy that holds a gender perspective in making and performing policies. This will ensure that resources can be equally shared in different genders. Apply "Open Method of Coordination", through the European Commission and the social partners in social dialogue and under consultation mechanism, the EU is now moving toward social integration. Through peer pressure the Member States are reaching the consent. This thesis, starting with calling for equality in legislation, the EU constantly emphasizes on equal pay, equal opportunities and equal treatment principles, as well as changing the structural inequality and prohibits direct and indirect discrimination. The EU proposed a "European Employment Strategy" in 2000. During the process of employment policy development, the EU gradually became aware of "flexible security strategy" as a major mode of thinking, which affected the development of the EU family policy. Parental leave and childcare in the family policy transfer the responsibility of looking after children to the government. The responsibility will no longer be limited to women or few family members because the government should provide childcare services in order to achieve "de family oriented." Parental leave for men enable both genders to take the responsibilities of family care so that we can achieve "re family oriented." The employment policy and family policy can work together to make work and family reach the balance. Recently in Taiwan, we are facing the declining birthrate and aging society. The government realized that it’s time to set the family members free and take the responsibility of childcare. The implementation of integrating childcare system in 2012 helps women enter the labor market. Then through the parental leave and childcare allowance, it will have great influence in implementing family policies in Taiwan. Therefore, it is feasible for Taiwan to learn the experience from the EU. Through the change both in policy the system, hence affect the values in society that can make men and women achieve the balance between work and family. The ultimate goal will be to achieve gender equality.

參考文獻


蔡宜君(2007)《歐盟國家單親家庭政策之比較:以瑞典、法國、英國及西班牙為例》。淡江大學歐洲研究所碩士論文。
陳雪琳(2010)《瑞典之歐洲化研究:以就業與外交政策為例》。臺灣大學政治學研究所碩士論文。
傅立葉(2010)〈從性別觀點看臺灣的國家福利體制〉,《臺灣社會研究季刊》。第80期。
黃淑玲(2008)〈性別主流化—臺灣經驗與國際的對話〉,《研考雙月刊》。第32卷,第4期。
施銀河(2008)〈性別工作平等法實施現況與展望〉,《研考雙月刊》。第32卷,第4期。

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