不同建築生產方式對環境負荷影響之研究

The Research on the Environmental Burden of Building Construct Methods.

林再澍(Tsai- Shu Lin)

指導教授 ： 楊詩弘

國立臺北科技大學/設計學院/建築與都市設計研究所/碩士(2008年)

摘要

如何降低建築耗能及CO2排放量為當今建築界之重要課題，建築生產為高耗能之工業，建築施工方式不同的選擇，對環境造成的負荷與影響程度也大不相同，故本研究乃針對建築工法對於能源消耗及CO2排放量的影響程度進行探討，由建材生產至興建完成的過程進行整體性考量。
本研究主要先瞭解地球能源與溫室氣體對生態環境及人類生存之影響，接著就「建築構造施工」及「環境負荷評估系統」等文獻歸納整理，建立本研究之建築生產施工耗能及CO2排放量的評估方法及計算流程，並以「台北市田徑場」為研究對象，比較分析各工法之環境負荷差異。研究主要目的為建立環境負荷模型供推算與評估，建築相關從業人員得以在建築物建造之初即可計算其耗能量與CO2排放量，對建築產業所造成的環境負荷加以量化評估。
本研究結論如下：

ㄧ、以環境負荷作為基礎，建立工法評估方法，供建築從業人員之參考
本文從建築施工過程中找出影響耗能與CO2排放的因子，作為評估工法與構法之依據，以減低建築生產施工對環境所造成的影響。本文建立之評估方法適用於工程投標或擬定施工計畫之際，先行評估建築生產(施工)方法對於環境負荷之影響程度，將環境性能層面納入工法選擇評估要素之一，避免再使用高環境負荷的建築施工方法。

二、就本研究個案之評估結果，以一次加工建材而言，鋼構之環境耗能與CO2排放量低於RC構造，以建築生產施工面而言，場鑄之環境耗能與CO2排放量低於預鑄工法
以本文之研究個案為例，原構造之建材與改善方案之鋼構造，其一次加工建材在耗能方面之比值為2.07: 1；在CO2排放量方面為1.88:1。關於構造與環境負荷的關係，國內已有相當的研究成果，本文在在證實鋼構是較符合綠色環保的建築構造。
國內在建築生產工法的評估多為工期或造價的考量，而本研究僅就環境負荷作為評估基礎，因此就建築生產施工對於環境負荷的影響而言，場鑄是較符合地球環保的工法，以本研究個案為例，半預鑄(原工法)與場鑄工法在耗能方面，其比值為1:0.6；在CO2排放量方面為1:0.69。

三、擬定建築生產施工之改善措施，俾供相關單位參考
由本文之評估方法架構中的「建材加工生產階段」、「建材或構件運輸階段」、「現場工地施工階段」研擬具體之改善對策：
施工階段 對 策
建材加工生產階段 1.建築輕量化
2.慎選低耗能及低CO2排放量之建材
3.建築造型簡單化及結構合理化
建材或構件運輸階段 1.降低運輸距離
2.選用低耗油而高承載量的運具
3.選用低耗油之汽油車輛
現場工地施工階段 1.工地節約用電
2.有效之人力計劃，亦可降低作業人員上下工旅次
3.選用耗能效率較佳之機具，並擬定適宜之施工機具計畫

四、將評估方法修正為簡易評估法，使本法易於操作，增加應用普及性。
原評估法須能確實掌握或估算施工人數及機具，其評估人應具備工料分析之能力，並預先決定建材採購廠商，以取得運輸情況(距離、運具等)，因執行面複雜可能使得評估法不易落實與普及化。將原評估法修正為建築生產階段之簡易評估法，以類比評估方式達到工法選用的目的。

關鍵字

環境負荷 ； 環境耗能 ； CO2排放量 ； 建築施工 ； 建築生產

並列摘要

It’s an important task to reduce building energy consumption and CO2 emission in current architectural field. Building manufacturing is a high-energy-consumption industry, and the impact and load on environment is much different from different building construction methods. This research focus on the influence of energy consumption and CO2 emission by different building methods during all the process from produce of material to completion of construction.
This research is primarily to understand the impact of ecological environment and human live by the energy and greenhouse gas on earth. Secondly, this research try to establish the estimation method and calculation procedure by concluding literatures about 「Building structure and construction」 and 「Environment-loading evaluating system」.Finally, this thesis analyze and compare with the difference of environment load generating by the different construction methods by case studying on Taipei municipal athletic field. The main goal of this thesis is to establish the environment load model for calculating and evaluating, and the staff of building construction can calculate the energy consumption and CO2 emission at the beginning of construction. Besides, we can evaluate the environment load generating by architectural industry with quantification.
The conclusion of this project as following:

1. According to the environment load ,to establish the appraisal method of labor law as reference for dealer in building.
We discover the factors about consuming energy and discharging CO2 from the process of construction ,as the basis of the appraisal labor law and the construction law to decreases the environmental influence in the process of construction. This article establishes the appraisal method t o be suitable to the project bids or draws up the construction plan, antecedently the advance appraisal construction production (construction) the method of influence regarding the environment load, brings into line with the environment performance stratification plane one of labor law choice appraisal essential factors, avoids using the construction job practice again which the high environment shoulders.

2. For one time processed building materials, the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of steel structure is lower than RC structure, and as far as architecture production construction aspect is concerned, cast-in-place-concrete is lower than pre-cast concrete methods.
Take this case for example, original construction material and ameliorative steel ,and once wrought building material of ratio is 2.07: 1 in energy consumption;CO2 emission of ratio is 1.88:1.The relationship between structures and environment load, there are many domestic research reports. In this article will prove the steel structure is more consistent with eco-awareness.
The evaluation of domestic architecture production method will mostly consider duration or construction price, while in this paper, environmental loading is evaluation basis, therefore, as for the impact of architecture production construction on environmental loading, cast-in-place-concrete method that fits in with earth environmental protection standard more, take this case study for instance, and to compare semi cast-in-place-concrete (original method) with pre-cast method in terms of energy consumption, the ratio is 1 : 0.6, while the ratio for CO2 emissions is 1:0.69.

3. To redact the meliorative measures of building construction as the references for relative units.
From appraisal methods:「material manufacture」 or 「material transportation phase」「building construction state」to think concrete strategies in this article:
The phase of building construction Strategies
Material Manufacture 1.minimum Weight building
2.to carefully choose building materials with low energy consumption and low CO2 emissions
3.simple building style and reasonable structure
Material Transportation 1.to reduce transport distances.
2.to choose conveyance which is low consumptive-oil but high-transported .
3.to choose low consumptive-oil cars.
Building Construction 1.to conserve electricity in construction site.
2.effective human resource plan and reduce workers trips.
3.to choose the better power efficiency machines and redact suitable plan for construction machines.

4. To modify evaluation method as simplified evaluation method and enables an easy-to-do method and enhance popularity.
The original evaluation method has to control or estimate no. of construction staff and machinery, the evaluator shall be able to analyze materials and determine supplier of building material in advance, so as to obtain transportation status (distance, vehicle etc.), the evaluation method may not be easy to fulfill and get popular due to a complex execution status. To modify the original evaluation as simplified evaluation method of architecture production stage, to achieve method selection purpose with analogy evaluation methodology.

並列關鍵字

Environment Load ； Energy Consumption ； CO2 Emission ； Building Construction

參考文獻

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