東亞流動中臺灣文化人的文化身分與位置──以洪炎秋為例

Cultural identity and position of Taiwanese cultural men in migration within East Asia─an example of Hung Yen-Chiu

沈信宏(Hsin-Hung Shen)

指導教授 ： 王惠珍

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/台灣文學研究所/碩士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2013.00407

摘要

本文透過洪炎秋的文本與相關雜誌資料，觀察他在東亞空間的文化活動，以分析他外在的文化位置與內在的文化身分，研究時間主要集中於他頻繁流動於東亞的1899─1946年，戰後則集中探討周作人與洪炎秋的關係，東亞空間包括臺灣、日本與中國。他曾站在不同的文化位置進行許多文化活動，投稿雜誌、創立書店、創立報刊、出版書籍、結成文學團體等，因為參與多樣活動，也擁有多重的名銜：作家、媒體人、學者、政治人物等。他流動而多樣的經歷使他的文化身分和文化位置產生了重疊變異的現象，可以從中觀察他在不同的文化生產場域裡透過不同的文化身分主動地累積資本，與權力場域互動，將一再喪失的文化位置奪回，開展出不受支配的主體性，實踐知識分子的現實關懷。
本文從日語教養與事業、雜誌活動和文學風格三方面，對洪炎秋的文化活動進行探討，重現洪炎秋變動的文化身分，並確立他可被安置的文化位置。
洪炎秋在不同時局的東亞空間與變換流動的文化身分下，對日語有不同的操作策略與理想寄託。探討洪炎秋的日語學習歷程與事業版圖，可以發現他先重視日語的工具性意義，後轉而追求文化性意義，想透過文化翻譯者的身分使中國正視日本、交流文化，但淪陷後期翻譯的政治性意義提高，使他轉以作家身分觀察日本。在淪陷前後，他持續研究日本以期解決中國與臺灣的困境。
從他在《中國文藝》、《藝文雜誌》與《新臺灣》中的作品可發現他文化路線的轉折，以及看待政治資本的態度，有借用，也有迴避，戰後則是極力爭取以實踐其知識份子的理想。戰後他對臺灣的原鄉情感與認同因在中國的困窘處境而重現，所以決定了他的返鄉路線與半山文化身分。
洪炎秋返回臺灣後將五四文化資本與周作人的文學影響帶回臺灣，向臺灣讀者重新定義周作人的人品與作品，在臺灣積極散播五四的人文精神與文學觀、會通中西的文化視野，洪炎秋藉著五四知識分子形象與延伸自周作人的寫作風格鞏固了自己的文化位置，憑藉著周作人臺灣傳人的地位進入五四新文學譜系中。
本文企圖透過對洪炎秋文化活動的研究，重現洪炎秋變動的文化身分，確立他在文化場域裡的文化位階。為使洪炎秋得到更深入而全面的觀察，避免他豐富的心靈風景在不同史觀、地域的文學史中被重重割裂而顯得片面單一，因此本論文選擇以流動性的觀點來閱讀洪炎秋，藉他的流動經歷與認同轉折，連貫戰前、戰後兩個世代的文學經驗，也連結中國、臺灣兩個不同場域的五四傳統。

關鍵字

洪炎秋 ； 文化身分 ； 文化位置 ； 東亞流動 ； 日語 ； 淪陷區 ； 在京臺灣人 ； 政治資本 ； 周作人

並列摘要

In this paper, we observed Hung Yen-Chiu’s cultural activities in the space of East Asia through his texts and the information on the relevant journals to analyze his extrinsic cultural position and his intrinsic cultural identity. Time span under investigation was mainly 1899-1946 in which Hung had moved around intensively, and a postwar period for his relation to Chou Tso-Jen to be examined. The space of East Asia includes Taiwan, Japan and China. Hung has once been engaged in many cultural activities based on various cultural positions, including contributing to journals, establishing a bookshop, founding a newspaper, publishing books and incorporating a literary group. Such diverse involvements earned him multiple titles: writer, media man, scholar, political person, among others. His mobile and diverse experience gave rise to superposed changes of his cultural identities and cultural positions, which allows the observation on his active accumulation of capital and his interaction with the power fields through different cultural identities in different fields of cultural production. He repeatedly recovered his lost cultural positions, developed undominated subjectivity, and realized reality concerns as an intellectual.
This paper explored Hung’s cultural activities in the aspects of his Japanese language cultivation and career, his journalistic activities and the literary style, to reveal Hung’s changing cultural identity and to establish his settable cultural position.
Hung had kept different operational strategies in and ideals through the Japanese language in the space of East Asia in different political times and under changing cultural identities. An examination of Hung’s learning of Japanese and the scope of his career revealed that he had first focused on the instrumental meaning of the Japanese language before turning to the pursuit of its cultural meaning in an attempt to make China pay attention to Japan and exchange in cultures by means of his identity of cultural translator. But, in the latter period of Japanese colonization, as the political meaning increased, he shifted to be a writer in observing Japan. Hung had continuously studied Japan since the time before Japanese occupation till thereafter hoping to resolve the dilemma between China and Taiwan.
It can be found from his works published on Chinese Literature and Arts《中國文藝》, the Arts and Literature Magazine《藝文雜誌》, and New Taiwan《新臺灣》 that Hung made turns on his cultural path and how he had treated political capitals, where he had borrowed and, in other occasions, avoided, and, after the war, fought with all his might in order to realize his ideals as an intellectual. After the war ended, because his attachment to the homeland Taiwan and his identification with it reappeared amid the difficult situations in China, he decided to be a home-coming man and restore the identity of Ban-shan（半山）Culture.
Hung returned to Taiwan with the cultural capital of May Fourth Movement and the literary influence of Chou Tso-Jen to redefine Chou’s character and works before Taiwanese readers, and to propagate, actively, the humanism and literary perspective of May Fourth Movement, and a cultural view that blended Chinese one and the Western one. In the image of May Fourth intellectual and by extending Chou’s writing style, Hung succeeded in solidifying his cultural position, and found himself in the new literary category of May Fourth Movement thanks to his status as Chou Tso-Jen’s successor in Taiwan.
By investigation of his cultural activities, this paper attempted to re-present Hung Yen-Chiu’s changing cultural identities and establish his cultural status in the cultural field. In order that there are deeper and comprehensive observation on Hung so as to keep his abundant mindscape from being repeatedly segmented in the history of literature of different historical perspectives and regions and becoming incomplete, this paper chose to read Hung in a mobile point of view. By means of Hung’s migratory experience and shifts in identification, we linked the literary experiences of the prewar and the postwar generations and connected the May Fourth tradition in the fields of China and Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

Hung Yen-Chiu ； Cultural identity ； Cultural position ； Migration within East Asia ； Japanese language ； Enemy occupied area ； Taiwanese in Beijing ； Political capitals ； Chou Tso-Jen

參考文獻

洪炎秋等著，《我的記憶》，臺北：純文學月刊社，1968年。

陳翠蓮，〈去殖民與再殖民的對抗：以一九四六年「臺人奴化」論戰為焦點〉，《臺灣史研究》，第9卷第2期，2002年12月，頁145─201。

數位典藏與數位典藏與數位學習成果入口網

彭明偉，〈五四時期周氏兄弟的翻譯文學之研究〉，清華大學中國文學系博士論文，2006年。

林德政，〈宋斐如：為臺灣光復運動獻身一輩子的半山〉，《海峽評論》第212期，2008年8月，頁20─26。