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  • 學位論文

網路外部性下關鍵存續量之估計-時間序列方法在WWW伺服器市場之實證

Estimation of Critical Mass in the WWW Server Markets with Time Series Techniques

指導教授 : 楊奕農
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摘要


網路產品因具有網路外部性,以致消費者對網路產品的效用會因為使用該產品的人數增加而增加,進而使該產品的需求增加。反之,使用該產品的人數減少,則消費者對該品的效用亦隨之減少,而此二種情況之間,必定存在某一採用該產品之人數為分界點,當產品的市場佔有率高於此分界點時,則該產品的需求會逐漸增加;反之,產品的市場佔有率低於此分界點時,則該產品的需求會逐漸變小。而此分界點即為廠商維持生存所需達到的最小網路大小,也就是關鍵存續量的概念。 而當市場具有關鍵存續量現象時,其市場佔有率成長速度的變化,與低於及超越關鍵存續量之間應有顯著的差異,以時間序列計量方法的觀點來看,這就相當於門檻轉換模型的概念。網際網路中全球資訊網伺服器軟體的市場競爭十分激烈,在Netcraft網站所公佈的月統計資料中,可以看出在眾多品牌的WWW伺服器市場佔有率的演變,有部份品牌伺服器的佔有率逐漸萎縮,而部份品牌卻可以持續生存下去,甚至逐漸獲得高市場佔有率。這種動態變化,恰可提供我們對關鍵存續量是否存在的問題進行實證研究。過去網路關鍵存續量的實證研究甚少,本研究的重要貢獻即是彌補文獻上此一漏缺。 本研究以在2003年1月時的Netcraft的月調查報告中,排名前十大WWW伺服器軟體為研究標的,樣本資料為1995年8月至2003年1月間,WWW伺服器市場佔有率月調查資料,嚐試以平滑性門檻轉換模型來進行關鍵存續量的估計。 研究結果顯示,大部份WWW伺服器軟體之市場佔有率成長,以Box-Jekin為虛無模型,再以平滑性門檻轉換模型為對立模型檢定,其結果顯示拒絕無結構轉變之假設,因此,再以平滑式結構轉變的模型估計後發現,其成長率的變化由快速成長轉變為相對緩慢成長或負成長,並且最後都具有長期收斂的特性,而各WWW伺服器軟體之AR項係數加總,皆有由大變小的情形。本研究以平滑性門檻轉換模型,所估計出發生結構轉變的WWW伺服器之市場佔有率,間接提供了WWW伺服器市場存在關鍵存續量的數據。

並列摘要


Network goods exhibit positive consumption externalities, which are widely recognized as network externalities. That is, the utility of each consumer increases in the total number of consumers purchasing the same or goods or services. Many previous studies pointed out that the critical mass often arose in network markets. The phenomenon of the critical mass states that the network size of a product which is greater than the critical mass will then prevail in markets. Otherwise, the product would probably disappear in markets or stay in a relatively low market share. From the view of time series approach, the critical mass phenomenon can be modeled as the threshold model (STAR). The monthly server survey during 1995-2003 shows that the market shares of some WWW servers remain small while others keep growing. The empirical dynamics of changes in WWW server markets are suitable to test the network externalities as well as the existence of critical mass. This study uses the STAR model to estimate the critical mass in top nine WWW server’s market shares. The results of this paper show there are significant structural changes in many WWW server products and the estimated results support our hypothesis on the network externalities and critical mass.

參考文獻


Brown, Durbin, and Evans (1975), “Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationships Over Time,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, vol. 37, P149-192.
Etziony, Amir and Avi Weiss (2001), “Coordination and Critical Mass in a Network Market-An Experimental Evaluation,” Working paper.
Gibert, Richard J. and Michael Katz (2001), “An Economist’s Guide to U.S. v. Microsoft,” Working Papers, UC Berkeley.
Lin, Chien-Fu and Timo Terasvirta (1994), “Testing the Constancy of regression parameters against continuous structural change,” Journal of Econometrics, vol. 62, P211-228.
Mahler, Alwin and Everett M. Rogers (1999), “The diffusion of interactive communication innovations and the critical mass: the adoption of telecommunications services by German banks,” Telecommunications Policy, vol. 23, P719-740.

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