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  • 學位論文

網路賭博於服務貿易總協定下爭議之探討

The study of legal issues concerning internet gambling under the regulatory regime of GATS

指導教授 : 鄺承華

摘要


中文摘要 WTO架構中,網路賭博歸屬於服務貿易總協定(General Agreement on Trade in Services,以下簡稱GATS)所規範,但由於網際網路突破以往貿易活動於時間與空間上之限制,其所帶來之改變雖然提昇貿易活動的效率與範圍,但也顛覆傳統貿易進行的態樣。在這樣的背景下,GATS規範面對網路化服務的興起,不論是網路接取服務之定位、服務提供模式的區分、服務同類性的判斷,都產生目前規範架構是否能跟上科技革新的腳步之疑問。在美國禁止網路賭博爭端案(United States – Measures Affecting The Cross-Border Supply Of Gambling And Betting Services)即具體呈現網路賭博適用於特定承諾表後,所引發一連串GATS第十六條市場開放、第十七條國民待遇原則、第十四條一般例外原則之要件等爭議。這些爭議的裁決結果不但影響貿易規範的解釋與適用,另一層面也突顯會員國間管制政策上之差異,因此造成貿易自由化與規範主權間的衝突。有鑑於此,我國已於二○○九年訂立賭場合法化之法律依據,面對網路賭博在GATS規範上適用之爭議,以及美國禁止網路賭博爭端案的前車之鑑,網路賭博對於我國造成的影響即有其探討之必要。 對於上述問題本文採取文獻探討法、案例分析法及歸納分析法,收集國內外相關文獻與WTO官方文件。首先,本文先就GATS規範在具體案件中引發的爭議以及後續造成的影響進行討論,並說明賭博服務於網路傳輸技術之運用與規範,釐清網路賭博在GATS規範的架構下之定位、網際網路傳輸技術實際運用於賭博服務之狀況,以及電信附件與電信參考文件所扮演的角色。進而分析美國禁止網路賭博爭端案件中,爭端處理小組與上訴機構對於爭議之裁決,以及提出相關文獻的見解,探討此案件可能衍生之其他問題,並尋求解決之道。最後歸納適用於我國目前對於網路賭博的規範環境,並分析其所造成之影響,藉此為我國目前甚至將來,探尋開放賭博產業之危機與可能解決方法。

並列摘要


Abstract In WTO framework, internet gambling belongs to the scope of GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services, hereinafter referred to as GATS),but as result of the internet breaks through the trade activities in time and space limitations, although it would not only bring a changes to enhance the efficiency and scope of trading activities, but also subvert the traditional trading state. Under this background, GATS norms face of the rise of internet services, whether the positioning of internet access services, the distinction from supply of services modes, the judgment of “services likeness” , there arose some doubts whether the current construction of standard rules enable to keep up with technological innovation. US–Gambling that shows internet gambling can be applied to specific commitment which caused a series disputes of GATS Article XVI(market access), GATS Article XVII (national treatment), GATS Article XIV (general exceptions). The reports of dispute settlement body to these issues not only affects the interpretation and application of trade rules, and the other members are also to highlight the differences between the regulation policy, that resulting in conflicts between trade liberalization and sovereignty. In view of this, our country had legalized casino in 2009, this legal basis confronts the applicable dispute with internet gambling in the GATS, and in this precedent case of US–Gambling, the impacts that internet gambling caused to our country need to be deliberated urgently. Regarding those issues, this Article takes methods of document review, case analysis, inductive analysis, and use collection of relevant literature and official documents of WTO. The first discussion of GATS issues that in specific cases maybe trigger off the controversy and subsequent impacts, and to explain that how the gambling services use the internet and it’s regulations. Based on the discussion of GATS issues, to clarify the role of internet gambling in GATS framework, internet was used in the actual situation of gambling services, the role of Annex on Telecommunications and the Reference Paper. Further analyze the case of US–Gambling, reports of the Panel and Appellate Body, and relevant documents, to explore other issues of this case and attempt to solve. Finally, based on the research results, this Article brings up some potential problems which may happen under the legal system of our country and to explore that gambling industry crisis and possible solutions.

參考文獻


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