隨大甲媽出遊去：台灣文化慶典活動之參與體驗與社會互動研究

Following Dajia Mazu Journey: A Study of Participation Experience and Social Interaction at Cultural Festival in Taiwan

賴文仁(Andy Wen-jen Lai)

指導教授 ： 顏妙桂

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/公民教育與活動領導學系/博士(2012年)

摘要

本研究以旅遊人類學觀點，視文化慶典活動為一種儀式旅遊的社會現象。在大甲媽祖遶境進香活動期間，以大甲媽祖遶境路線與空間為田野現場，質性研究為研究派典，現象學思維探究經驗本質，採用民族誌尋找情境脈絡，運用旅遊人類學立場進行論述。研究者以參與觀察者的角色，透過台灣民眾跟隨大甲媽祖遶境進香活動過程中，探索參與者的行為樣貌與體驗歷程；和處於當下情境中與他人的社會互動現象；以及對大甲媽祖遶境進香活動演變的觀感與看法。

研究者於2008年至2010年連續三年進出田野現場，並以田野札記、錄音、照相及深度訪談作為蒐集田野資料的方式，先以前導性研究得正式訪談5位研究參與者；翌年再進行正式深度訪談，計有27位研究參與者。本研究經田野資料進行歸納與分析，其研究發現為：在個人參與者的體驗歷程方面，分為個人參與者的行為樣貌，以及個人參與者的體驗歷程兩個主要範疇；而對大甲媽祖遶境進香期間之社會互動觀感方面，分為人際角色的互動體驗，對社會互動的正面觀感，以及對社會互動的負面觀感三個主要範疇；最後，在個人參與者對大甲媽祖遶境進香活動之演變觀感方面，分為活動策略推展，順應社會潮流，生活型態變遷，影響參與趨勢，以及核心價值在於持續傳遞台灣人的傳統精神三個主要範疇。

台灣民眾參與大甲媽祖遶境進香活動，在異於世俗時空的「過渡狀態」中，尋求一種身心靈的存在性意義，以體驗「共睦態」的存在型儀式實踐。這些人在歷經「勞其筋骨、苦其心志」的試煉過程後，民眾就可以「心滿意足」的回歸到現實生活社會。另外，個人參與者在這段期間，接觸他人也是會有一番心理的矛盾與掙扎的心路歷程，後來逐漸撇開平日生活及職場的面具，不論社會地位及職業貴賤，所以「卸下心防、放開心胸」，於是「人性本善」的特質就顯露出來。

當然，在這段慶典期間，賓主雙方皆覺察到處於一種暫時性的過渡狀態和身份，這是雙方表達友善行為之最佳交流機會；也是「主人」款待「客人」在神聖世界生活所需，酬謝「客人」替「主人」行道而不求回報。這所謂「非對稱酬庸」之交換概念，唯有在大甲媽祖遶境期間才會存在，過了這段活動期間就不存在了。接著，從個人參與者的觀察角度，對大甲媽祖遶境進香活動演變的觀感，發現大甲鎮瀾宮順應社會潮流，活動策略奏效，容易吸引民眾參與；然而，也看出社會生活型態的變遷，多少會影響到民眾參與的趨勢；並且，從參與大甲媽祖遶境進香活動中，發現核心價值是持續傳遞台灣人的傳統精神。

關鍵字

文化慶典 ； 大甲媽祖遶境進香活動 ； 參與體驗 ； 社會互動 ； 旅遊人類學

並列摘要

By anthropology of tourism viewpoint, the cultural festival is regarded as the the social phenomenon of ritual tourism. By adopt of the approach of ethnography and phenomenology, the study took Dajia Mazu Pilgrimage as a fieldwork background. To achieve the purpose of this study, during the Pilgrimage period, the researcher played the observer-as-participant's role, to study the participants’ mental journey and behavior appearance, to study the participants with some other persons to be in the phenomenon of social interaction, as well as to study the participants’ perspectives for the development of Dajia Mazu Pilgrimage.
The researcher carried out the field survey from 2008 to 2010. The pilot study got 5 subjects and the formal study acquired 27 subjects for the official interview. The study was by inductive analysis in order to obtain the findings as follow: regarding to participants’ experience process, the research finds two main categories which are the participants’ behavior appearance and experience process; while regarding to social interaction’s impression, has three main categories which are experience of interaction of interpersonal role, positive and negative impression for social interaction; inanother aspect of the participants’ perspectives for the development of Dajia Mazu Pilgrimage has three main categories which are flexible strategies of promotion accommodate social trend, participative trend by influence of processive life-style, and the core value of tradition spirit of Taiwanese.
The study was to explore participants participated in Dajia Mazu Pilgrimage through the liminality experience of secular space-time process, in order to find the existential meaning, to experience the existential ritual practice of communitas, to settle secluded soul down, to make an introspection and enlightenment for body mind. Moreover, the participants have contradictory mental journey to get along with other persons, then gradually open their mental face in the workplace and every-day life regardless of social status and occupational position. The distinguishing characteristics of “the human nature is originally friendly” are to reveal afterward. Of course, in the period of festival, the hosts and guests are aware of liminality status to each other. This is to expresses the best communicative opportunities of friendly behavior on the both sides. Only the period of the Pilgrimage, the hosts treated the guests that are to ask nothing to return which call the exchange concept of “asymmetric reward”. In addition, to perspectives for the development of Dajia Mazu Pilgrimage from the viewpoints of the participants, there were many flexible strategies of promotion of Jenn Lann temple in Dajia which accommodate social trend to attract participants easily, and to be aware of participative trend by influence of processive life-style. However, the core value of tradition spirit of Taiwanese from the Dajia Mazu Pilgrimage is disclosured.

並列關鍵字

Cultural Festival ； Dajia Mazu Pilgrimage ； Participation Experience ； Social Interaction ； Anthropology of Tourism

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