運動禁藥禁令理由的道德正當性反省

Examining the justification for banning performance-enhancing substance and practice

蘇志榮

國立臺灣師範大學/運動與休閒學院/體育學系/碩士(1999年)

摘要

運動員使用「運動禁藥」的事件，已成為當代運動競賽場上最嚴重問題之一。一般說來，禁用「運動禁藥」的主張者，大多致力於禁用理由的正當性，而反對禁用主張者亦試圖在禁用理由的正當性上找出瑕疵。
研究者將「運動禁藥」禁用的理由整理為四類論點：規則、運動競賽的理想、傷害、公平性。然而，反對者對於每一論點的批評意見，使這些看似合理的理由，顯得自相矛盾或無法自圓其說。這便是當代「運動禁藥」使用議題在道德上的爭論。
這種道德上的爭論與麥金泰爾對當代道德分歧的描述極為相似。因此，研究者以當代著名道德哲學家麥金泰爾德性論中重建道德三階段為理論基礎---實踐、人類生活整體敘述以及傳統的概念，指出「運動禁藥」議題在道德上的討論，並不在於「運動禁藥」禁用道德理由的正當性，溯其根本，應回歸到運動競賽中關於德性的研究。當代力圖建立運動道德的研究，幾乎都致力於普遍性的道德規範或規則之建立與遵守，運動道德幾乎是消極的道德說教之代名詞。
研究者認為，要建立德性興盛的運動競賽環境，不在於「防弊」規範之建立，應強調運動的內在善，激發運動員向上提昇、自我期許的德性；並以運動員人生的“幸福”目的為考量；進而在運動傳統概念紛亂的現代運動競賽中，促進運動社群共同善概念的形成。

關鍵詞：運動禁藥、麥金泰爾、德性、實踐、幸福

並列摘要

“Doping” has become one of the serious problems in contemporary athletics. Generally speaking, those who support to ban performance-enhancing substance and practice are devoted to justify the bans, on the other hand, those who have opposite opinions are trying to find fault with the reasons of the bans.
In this paper, the justifiable reasons for banning performance-enhancing substance and practice were classified into four ethical arguments: rule, the ideal of the sports contest, harm and fairness. However, the critical opinions make the justifiable reasons in each ethical argument seem to be ambiguous and inconsistent. Therefore, “doping” in contemporary athletics turn to be an moral argument.
The author of this paper thinks such moral dispute is similar with MacIntyrean description about contemporary moral disagreement. Based on three stages in MacIntyrean virtual theory : practice, the unity of a human life, the concept of a tradition, the author of this paper assumes the moral argument about “doping” should not on the justification for banning performance-enhancing substance and practice, but basically on the virtue in athletics. Most of the contemporary researches in sports ethics focus on setting and keeping up with the general norms and rules, which easily turns the sports ethics to passive preach.
This thesis concludes that the cultivation of moral virtue in athletics lies not on establishing anti-fraudulent rules, but on emphasizing the internal goods of sports, to inspiring the self-improvement of athletes, considering the “eudaimonia” in athletic life, and promoting the collective goods in sports community.
Keywords：Doping, MacIntyre, Virtue, Practice, “eudaimonia”

參考文獻

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