在觀看與被觀看之間：高中女學生身體意象之研究

Between observing and being observed: A study on senior high girls' body image

劉育雯(Yu-Wen Liu)

指導教授 ： 潘慧玲 博士

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/教育學系/碩士(2003年)

摘要

摘要
現今社會強調苗條、勻稱的身材及具有吸引力的外表，時時可見到有關節食、減肥的報導訊息，傳達出社會文化對男女身體外表的刻板印象，這種意識型態常導致女性對自己身體的不滿意。國內對於身體意象的研究結果多基於大量施測後之統計分析，性別只是其中一個變項，研究結果通常只交代有無性別差異，至於為何有性別差異以及差異所反映出的意義為何則幾乎不作深入討論。性別（gender）是社會建構的結果，每個個體終其一生的各個發展階段，都深受性別社會化的影響，不過，最明顯的階段，可能在青春期，也就是國、高中生身上。長期以來，教育學者對青少年在學校中的各種表現一直很重視，但是較少關注身體外表所帶給青少年的影響。對於教育者而言，瞭解青少女對身體外表的看法及其所帶來的影響，將有助於教育工作者協助青少女以較正向的態度面對自己的身體外表，同時亦可以及早發現青少女錯誤的身體意象，而避免他們負向行為的產生。
有鑒於此，本研究採用質性研究的取徑，邀請大橋高中十位女學生為研究參與者，以訪談及觀察為蒐集田野資料的主要方法。訪談內容主要在瞭解女學生所抱持的身體意象內涵、在充滿男性凝視氛圍的校園中感受到的身體經驗以及在校園之外評價自己身體時受到哪些影響因素。觀察部分則包括男女學生的互動以及學校氣氛。本研究除了瞭解女學生對自己身體外表的想法之外，也將從身體政治（body politics）的觀點出發，解析青少女在社會文化脈絡底下所呈現的身體觀。因此，「身體」與「性別」為本研究的二個基本主軸。
綜而言之，本研究所獲致的結論如下：
一、女學生深陷於「苗條就是美」的規約以及無止盡的瘦身焦慮中
二、清純少女的形象是女學生心目中理想的身體意象樣貌
三、女學生以男性凝視的嚴苛標準來審視女性身體
四、女學生必須以自我貶抑的方式才能得到同儕的肯定
五、女學生在校園中要面對無所不在的言語性騷擾
六、在重視文憑的文化脈絡下，高中女學生重視外表的程度不若美國同年齡的女孩
七、順應與抗拒的拉扯：女學生在保有自我與社會壓力之間擺盪
八、成年女性的善意監控成為代代相傳的女體規訓
基於上述結論，本研究分別針對性別平等教育與後續研究提出如下建議：
一、對於性別平等教育的建議
（一）整合相關課程，建構青少女健康的身體意象觀
（二）打造性別平等的校園環境
二、對後續研究的建議
（一）對不同學校類別的青少女做相關的身體研究
（二）訪談對象擴及家長、教師及男性同儕
（三）對男學生進行男子氣概與身體意象的研究

關鍵字

身體意象 ； 身體政治 ； 男性凝視 ； 女性身體

並列摘要

In modern society, where slender, symmetric and attractive appearances are highly valued, reports and messages crammed with diet and weight loss are seen everywhere, resulting in an ideology which leads to females’ dissatisfaction of their own bodies. Among the theses conducted domestically, the conclusions are too often founded upon analyses of considerable data collected from questionnaires, in which gender is merely a variable. In this way, the conclusions only tell stories of what differences gender may cause instead of why there are gender-related differences in the first place and what implications may be inferred. Gender is a social construction; in other words, every individual’s concept of gender will be influenced by his or her society all through his or her life. However, the most obvious influence may take place in adolescence, a period when most people are attending junior or senior high school. Educators have been paying close attention to adolescents’ behaviors at school for a long time, but they pay comparatively less attention to the reactions that appearances may evoke from adolescents. Understanding adolescent girls’ view of their bodies and its influence may enable educators not only to help them take more positive attitudes toward their appearances but also to find their misled body image in order to avoid negative behavior.
In view of this situation, a qualitative approach was adopted in this study. Ten girls in Great Bridge High School were invited as subjects in this study, and the main methods to collect field data were interview and observation. The main purpose of interview was to comprehend their body images, their body experiences in a school full of male gaze, and the factors which might hold sway when they assessed their own bodies outside school. Besides, the purpose of observation was to have better understanding of the atmosphere in school and interactions between male and female students. In addition to understanding how adolescent female students thought of their own appearances, this study also attempted to analyze adolescent girls’ ideas of body under the context of social culture with regard to body politics. In a word, “body” and “gender” were the two motifs in this study.
To sum up, the conclusions were as follows:
1.Female students were deeply trapped in the “Thinness is beauty” quagmire and endless weight-losing anxiety.
2.The image of chaste young girls were the ideal body image of female students
3.Female students examined female bodies in terms of the strict standards of male gaze.
4.Female students had to gain peer recognition in self-deprecating ways.
5.Female students encountered ubiquitous verbal sexual harassment at school.
6.In a cultural context of diploma-obsession, senior high female students didn’t pay as much attention to appearances as their counterparts in America.
7.Torn between accommodation and resistance: female students swang from retaining selves to succumbing to social pressure.
8.Female adults’ well-intentioned monitoring became female body disciplines generation after generation.
The following are suggestions drawn from conclusions listed above:
1.Suggestions for gender equity education:
a.To integrate relevant courses to help female adolescents construct a positive body image.
b.To build a school atmosphere of gender equity.
2.Suggestions for future studies:
a.Related body researches can aim to survey female adolescents in different school types.
b.The composition of interviewees can be expanded to include parents, teachers and male peers.
c.Studies of male student’s view of machismo and body image can also be conducted.

並列關鍵字

body image ； body politics ； male gaze ； female body

參考文獻

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