極權轉型下的中共與法輪功

論文提要內容：本研究的主旨在於分析法輪功與中共政權之間的衝突，並試圖對於政教衝突提出一個更適切的分析架構。對於政權型態的掌握以及法輪功本身發展的考察構成了本次分析的主軸。我們首先指出在經濟上的改革開放對於中共的政治體系所帶來的影響造成了政權轉型，同時釐清這個轉變是如何表現在其統治形式上，特別是對於國家與社會之間關係所造成的影響。另一方面，改革開放也使得中介領域有更多元與更自主性的發展，而孕育了法輪功的氣功熱潮是如何在這些變革之下形成，法輪功又是如何在轉型政權的統治下發展。接著本研究詳細地分析了法輪功與中共政權之間關係的變化與互動過程，中共當局在此過程中不斷地加強對於氣功運動的控制；另一方面，法輪功在發展過程中歷經了「宗教化」的重要轉折，法輪功在宗教化之後逐漸脫離了當局在改革開放時期所建立的統合主義體制，雙方之間的緊張關係於焉產生。回應政府日益侵略性的管制，法輪功的抗爭行動不斷升高，因而與中共當局之間爆發了更直接的衝突。研究結果顯示，改革開放使得民間社會開始有一些新生的力量出現，而中共政權也由極權體系轉變為後極權的威權體系，對於法輪功的鎮壓則是這個威權政權對於民間的社會不斷進行再控制的結果。法輪功本身的發展對於這個衝突的關鍵性影響在於，離開制度與組織的去形式化使得法輪功逐漸擺脫了政府的監控，因此引起了公安部門的疑慮並且採取了日益侵略性的行動；而其抗爭行動在某種程度上則加深了公安部門的疑慮，致使當局決定全面鎮壓。與威權時期台灣的政教衝突相比較，這個結果也反映出中共政權的政治體系變遷對於其統治形式以及國家與社會之間關係的影響。關鍵字：極權體系、政教關係、法輪功

關鍵字

極權體系；政教關係；法輪功

並列摘要

Abstract The purpose of this research is to analyze the conflict between the Falun Gong and the CCP regime. The transforming regime and the development of the Falun Gong are the central axes of this analysis. The Reform and the Open Policy stated in the late 1970s brought some limited but significant change on the political system of the CCP regime. On the other hand, a more plural and somewhat autonomous intermediary sphere emerged in this process. The regime transformed from a totalitarian system in Linz’s sense toward a type of Corporatist Authoritarianism. The state-society relationship became more and more unstable and volatile in the process of regime’s transformation. The “qiqong boom” which bred the Falun Gong movement came into being in this context, and the Falun Gong emerged under this “new” state-society relationship. The CCP regime tightened the control of qigong practices in general and Falun Gong in particular in the mid-1990s. On the other hand, the Falun Gong had a “religious turn” as its swiftly spreading in mainland China, and it became more religion-like and no longer a “secular qiqong” as the motif that the CCP regime set for the qigong movement. This religious turn leaded the Falun Gong intend to disengage itself from the corporatist system established by the authority during the Reform era. Against the more and more aggressive critics, the Falun Gong finally decided to protest. These factors jointly contributed to the growing tension between the two parties. The ensuing intensified interactions of the two incurred the regime’s crackdown in this tension. The result of this research shows that the regime transited itself from a totalitarian system to a post-totalitarian authoritarian system during the Reform period. The regime’s crackdown of the Falun Gong is an outcome of the regime’s striving to “re-take” the whole society. And the religious turn of the Falun Gong, its escape from the surveillance of government, and its de-institutionalization evoked the misgivings of the Public Security department for its elusiveness, the protests also accelerate the regime finally taking the Falun Gong as a real threat. Compare to the KMT regime in Taiwan during the authoritarian period, this result reveal that the transformation of the CCP regime affected the way it dominate the society. Keywords: totalitarianism, regime-religion relations, Falun Gong

並列關鍵字

totalitarianism ； regime-religion relation ； Falun Gong

參考文獻

歐陽欣宜，1999，〈大陸社會動員的理論探索與建構：以「法輪功事件」為例〉。《中國大陸研究》42(5): 53-73。

Overmyer, Daniel L., 2003, “Religion in China Today: Introduction.” Pp. 1-10 in Religion in China Today, edited by Daniel L. Overmyer. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Shambaugh, David, 2000, “The Chinese State in the Post-Mao Era.” Pp. 161-187 in The Modern Chinese State, edited by David Shambaugh. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Beckford, James A., 1985, Cult Controversies: The Societal Response to the New Religious Movements. New York: Tavistock Publications.

Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 1979, “On the Characterization of Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America.” Pp. 33-57 in The New Authoritarianism in Latin America, edited by David Collier. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

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極權轉型下的中共與法輪功

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