「鄉村仕紳化(rural gentrification)」的概念,被英國的地理學家用來形容英國鄉村湧入許多富裕的中產階級及服務階級人士,他們被鄉村的田園意境(rural idyll)所吸引,認為鄉村是理想的居住地方,鄉村因為他們的移入產生極大的改變。雖然,1980年代學者才開始觀察研究鄉村仕紳化,一直到現在,鄉村仕紳化的研究仍有二個問題,其一,現有的研究集中於英國的鄉村地區;其二,目前鄉村仕紳化形成原因主要援引自都市仕紳化,雖然可以用來解釋個別仕紳者(gentrifiers)為何會進入鄉村,不過這些仕紳化的原因卻不能解釋鄉村仕紳化為何比都市仕紳化晚了二十年?對於前述問題的回答涉及到鄉村體制改變的問題。 近年來歐美先進國家在農業發展觀點上產生了重大改變,這個改變指的是從農業生產論(productivism)走向農業後生產論(post-productivism)。在後生產論的觀點中,鄉村的功能不是如生產論者所主張僅為糧食及衣料的生產而已,而是還包括文化、生態、旅遊、居住等諸多的非生產性功能。農業後生產論直接影響到的是鄉村土地價值認知的改變,此即鄉村土地多元價值的形成。上述這些轉變亦影響到我國的農業政策,最顯著的例子就是農業三生概念—生產、生態與生活的提出。後生產論下的鄉村,強調多功能性,且擁有與都市不同的生活環境,因此可以吸引部分人士進入。 本文研究的重點主要為鄉村仕紳化及其成因,所採取的研究方法,除了對既有文獻的回顧整理之外,並透過個案進行觀察分析。個案研究發現,宜蘭縣三星鄉大洲村已具有仕紳化現象,形成仕紳化的原因具有多元性,更重要的是,本文透過李克特態度量表進行鄉村居民對農地價值與功能認知的問卷調查,調查發現,居民對於農地供作消費與生態環境使用,接受度極高,基於此,農業後生產論的形成或可解釋鄉村為何出現仕紳化的現象。
British geographers have used ‘rural gentrification’ to describe the profound changes in the English countryside, caused by the influx of more affluent newcomers belonging to the service class or the new middle class, who are attracted by the rural idyll as the ideal place to live and raise one’s family. There have two questions in the research on the phenomenon of rural gentrification. One is the most of discussions focused in English countryside, and another is the causes of the rural gentrification were cited the causes of urban gentrification. There is no rational explanation for the phenomenon of rural gentrification is latter than urban gentrification. The answer is about that the rural change. In recent year, agricultural development policy in advanced western nations has its apparent turn– from agricultural productivism to agricultural post-productivism. From viewpoint of the post-productivism, the functions of rural are not only for the production of fibers, but also include functions of cultural, ecology, truism and living. The post-productivism changes the consciousness of rural land value and promotes to formations of the pluralistic land value. The post-productivism has also an effect on Taiwan’s agricultural policy, because production, ecology and life are seen as same important elements by agricultural development policy. The change of consciousness of land use value means that the concept of rural land use should also be adjusted. The post-productivist countryside emphasizes multifunctionality. Life in the countryside allures many people. This paper focuses on rural gentrification in Taiwan that occurs in recent years. We make an examination on gentrification in Da-Jhou village at Sangsing Township, Yilan County draw some factors of rural gentrification which are not same as in urban gentrification. This paper conducts a questionnaire research drawing on Likert scale to understand villagers attitude toward farmland use values and functions. The research finds that farmlands as consumer and ecological land use are accepted by local resident. Based on this, the post-productivist countryside helps explain the phenomenon of rural gentrification.
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