號誌管理手段對交通擁擠外部性改善之影響

The Effect of the Traffic Signal Method on Reducing the Congestion Externality

魯少宇(Shao-Yu Lu)

指導教授 ： 蔡智發

國立臺北大學/公共事務學院/都市計劃研究所/碩士(2014年)

摘要

隨著世界各國發展漸漸往都市集中的趨勢，大量活動聚集於都市中使得都市發展對於交通運輸的依賴亦逐漸加深，然隨著都市活動過度的集中，造成主要道路交通量的過度增加，當超過道路所能承受，即產生交通擁擠的現象。目前對於道路交通擁擠的改善辦法，大致有利用擁擠稅、燃料稅等手段增加私人運具的使用成本；增加既有道路的容量；大眾運輸的建設…等手段。但這些手段雖然能夠達到交通擁擠改善的效果，但往往需要較高的施行成本。因此，嘗試研究號誌管理手段是否亦能為一有效改善交通擁擠現象的方法。
　　本研究以追求社會總效益扣除總成本後之社會淨效益的觀點，分析號誌管理手段改善交通擁擠的效果。假設在ㄧ都市居住空間連續性分佈，且旅次行為皆由居住地前往市中心之單一迄點，研究方法採二階段賽局，第一階段政府決策號誌管制手段的設置位置以及等候時間，第二階段為私人受到旅次行為的通勤時間成本影響，而決策旅次的發生數。
　　透過模型能夠同時找出最適的號誌設置位置以及等候時間。此外研究亦發現，號誌管理手段確實能透過增加駕駛旅次時間成本的方式，以降低前往市中心的交通量。此外，因累積較高的交通量，號誌的設置位置應隨距離市中心越近，而有較密集的號誌設置，並實際等候設置較長的等候時間。本研究結果可提供未來都市空間規劃的號誌設置選定的參考。

關鍵字

社會淨效益 ； 號誌管理手段 ； 交通擁擠外部性 ； 連續性空間分佈

並列摘要

As the tendency of increasing urbanization in the city nowadays, activities agglomerate in the city, which makes the dependence on the urban transportation system deepen. However, when activities are too intensively gathered in the central city, the capacity of the urban transportation system will be overloaded, and thus the traffic congestion may be worsened. Reviewing the tools to deal with the congestion problems, there are many methods available to reduce the congestion problem, such as increasing the commuter’s driving time cost like levying the congestion toll or the fuel taxes, increasing the road capacity in the city, or the construction of the public transport system…etc. However, all these methods may take lots of cost to apply. Thus this study attempts to analyze if the traffic signal method could be an efficient way to improve the traffic congestion problem.
In the study, the social net benefit is employed to study whether signal control method could be an efficient way to reduce the congestion externality or not. It is assumed that all residents are homogenous and continuous distributed, and all the trips’ origins are their residences and the destination is the central business district. In order to solve this problem we apply a Two-Stage Game. The first stage is the control of traffic signal optimal location and the optimal waiting interval made by the government. The second stage is the trips behavior of individual influenced by the commuting costs and the number of decisions made for trips.
The model is able to find out the optimal location and the queuing time of the signal. In the end, this study discovers that the signal control approach may reduce the traffic volume to the CBD by increasing the trip’s travel time cost. Furthermore, the study also notices that because the traffic volume may accumulate more when closer to the CBD, it might be installed more signal comparing with nearer the urban boundary. Moreover, when the signal is closer to CBD, it needs to be set up longer waiting interval. At last the above results of this study could be applied when confronting the traffic signal setting location problem in the urban spatial planning in the future.

並列關鍵字

social net benefit ； signal control method ； traffic congestion externality ； continuous spatial distribution

參考文獻

1. Pigou, A. C.，1971，「福利經濟學」，陸民仁譯，台北市：台灣銀行經濟研究室。

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