食品業供應鏈風險分析

由於世界整體環境不斷變遷，市場不斷的改變，企業為了永續經營再創利益，唯有提升自我能力以外，如何迅速因應風險所帶來的危機，更是影響企業存活的重點。而企業必須研議，從原物料、生產製造及配銷至最後客戶端流程間可能引發的風險，進而採取必要之緊急應變措施，降低企業損害，即為本研究之主要議題。我國食品業之發展面臨高原物料成本、國外進口貨物所課徵之高進口關稅、高勞工薪資成本、環保及土地成本亦相較鄰國高出許多，加上研究發展資金不足，市場資訊體系不完全，產業升級緩慢。另外，我國普遍用人薪資偏低，故無法吸引願意從事食品業的人才及勞工。反觀國外食品，其進口價格不僅低廉且具有特色，直接影響我國本土食品業；加上近年來金融風暴、歐債危機等連鎖反應影響世界經濟，造成供應鏈問題不斷產生，對於食品業帶來非常大的衝擊。本研究首先蒐集相關文獻，進行探討企業所面臨的風險因素，再與食品業者進行訪問，建構可能造成食品業供應鏈中斷之風險因素，製作問卷構面因素及問題內容後，針對食品業者進行問卷調查，以結構方程模式(Structural Equation Modeling, SEM)之分析方法，評估對於食品業整體供應鏈風險危害之影響。首先，本研究使用SEM法之AMOS資料統計工具，加以分析，其結果顯示由於樣本數未達其AMOS所需標準，因此SEM實證顯著性不佳，其原因係因為本研究以食品業為分析主體，受調查回收之樣本數較少之限制，本研究再以偏最小平方法(Partial Least Squares, PLS)進一步作為主要的研究方法，許多研究已證實PLS不必與SEM一樣須要大量樣本數，而以少量樣本數即可得到顯著性之結果，故作為本研究結論。依PLS研究結果顯示，從路徑觀察「外部供應鏈風險」、「內部組織供應鏈風險」、「供應網路」對於「供應鏈風險衝擊(企業衝擊) 」有顯著直接之負面影響。而「外部供應鏈風險」對於「內部組織供應鏈風險」有顯著負面影響。從路徑強度觀察「內部供應鏈風險」之直接效果為影響最大，因此食品業之主管可針對其內部風險之「人為災害」及「產品」、「資訊」方面進行優先防範。本研究分析之結果，能提供食品業者判別整體供應鏈風險之影響關係落在哪一個類型上，也能夠清楚了解食品業界所面臨的供應鏈風險類型的重要因素，此結論可提供相關食品企業業主管之參考，針對風險之因素能更加有效防範並採取因應對策。

關鍵字

風險評估； SEM ；供應鏈風險； PLS ； AMOS

並列摘要

Due to constant changes of the overall global environment and markets, in order for enterprises to achieve business continuity and create greater interest, in addition to the enhancement of entrepreneurial capability, how to rapidly respond to a crisis arising from risks remains the key to survival. Hence, enterprises must explore risks that likely arise as a result of raw materials, manufacture, distribution, and intermediate processes at the client end. Taiwan’s food industry development is faced with high raw material costs, high import tariffs levied on imported goods, high labor wage costs, and higher costs for environmental protection and land compared to neighboring countries. Additionally, due to inadequate funding for research and development and incomplete market information systems, industrial upgrade has been slow. Moreover, Taiwan is unable to attract talents and laborers to engage in the food industry due to the relatively low labor wages. On the contrary, foreign foods with low import prices and unique characteristics have a direct impact on our country’s local food industry. Furthermore, the financial crisis, Europe’s debt crisis, and other chain reactions that have impacted the global economy and have constantly given rise to supply chain problems have had a tremendous impact on the food industry. The relevant literatures were first collected to explore the risks faced by the enterprises. Interviews with the food operators were then conducted to construct risk factors that likely cause disruptions of the food industry’s supply chain. After the questionnaire dimension factors and question contents were produced, the questionnaire survey was conducted on the food operators. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis method was adopted to evaluate the impact on the food industry’s overall supply chain risk hazards. First, the AMOS data statistical tool of SEM was used for the analysis. The results show that as the number of samples failed to reach the required standard of AMOS, the SEM’s empirical significance was poor. The reason for this outcome is that the food industry was adopted in this study as the body for analysis. Due to the limitation of the small number of recovered survey samples, the Partial Least Squares (PLS) was further adopted as the research method. A number of studies have confirmed that, unlike SEM, PLS does not require a large number of sample that only a small number of samples is required to obtain significant results, which served as the conclusions in this study. According to the PLS results, the path observation shows that “external supply chain risks,” “internal organization supply chain risks,” and “supply network” have a significantly and directly negative impact on “supply chain risk impact” and “enterprise impact.” On the other hand, “external supply chain risks” have a significantly negative impact on “internal organization supply chain risks.” Based on the path intensity observed, the direct impact of the “internal supply chain risks” causes the greatest impact. Thus, food industry executives may take precautionary measures from the aspects of “man-made disasters,” “products,” and “information.” The analysis results in this study can help food industry operators to determine which type of influence and relationship the overall supply chain risks fall on. They will also be able to clearly gain an insight into the important factors contributing to the supply chain risk types the food industry is faced with. The conclusions shall serve as a reference for food business executives concerned in order to adopt more effective prevention and response strategies targeting the risk factors.