漢語存現句：以語料庫為本的分析

A Corpus-based Analysis of Existential Constructions in Chinese

邱妙津(Miao-chin Chiu)

指導教授 ： 張榮興

國立中正大學/文學院/語言學研究所/博士(2014年)

摘要

本論文從量化的角度探討影響漢語存現句式使用的多重變項，利用中文詞彙特性速描系統(the Chinese Word Sketch)以及聯合知識庫(Udn.data)進行語料蒐集，共蒐集真實語料約三千六百筆，涵蓋一百六十六種高頻動詞。藉由分析存現句式所出現的上下文環境，探討各種語言變項(linguistic factors)對於相關句式選擇之影響。
本論文涵蓋兩項語料庫調查：調查一探討時貌標記「了」和「著」在漢語存現句式中的使用情形以及影響時貌標記選擇的語言變項；調查二則是藉由比較存現句式如「商場擠滿顧客」與非存現句式如「顧客擠滿商場」所出現的語境，探討各種語言變項對於存現句式出現之影響。
本研究檢視的語言變項包括名詞片語的主題性(topicality)、篇章熟悉度(discourse familiarity)、生命性(animacy)、定指性(definiteness)、音節長度(word length)，以及動詞的及物性(transitivity)和語義類別(semantic type)。以應用軟體VARBRUL進行迴歸分析，並使用遞增(step-up)和遞減(step-down)方式，找出最適合的自變項組合來解釋相關句式的出現條件，按照各個自變項的解釋量進行高低排序。
研究結果顯示，動詞的語義類別對於存現句裡時貌標記「了」、「著」的選擇影響最大，而名詞片語的主題性與篇章熟悉度則是影響存現句式出現與否的關鍵變項。藉由觀察相關句式在語料庫中的使用及分佈，本論文進一步提出促發漢語存現句式形成與使用的認知動因，包括象似性(Iconicity)、經濟原則(Economic Principle)以及篇章促發動因(Discourse-motivated Priming)。

關鍵字

語料庫語言學 ； 詞序變異 ； 時貌標記 ； 存現句 ； 變異分析

並列摘要

This study aims to uncover the multiple linguistic factors that account for the usage pattern of Chinese existential constructions from a variationist perspective. Main issues addressed in the dissertation are: (1) aspectual alternation of the aspect markers LE and ZHE in existential constructions and (2) syntactic word order variation between constructions [NPLoc V NP] and [NP V NPLoc]. With a focus on monosyllabic action verbs ranked Top 5000 of the Word List with Accumulated Word Frequency in Sinica Corpus 3.0, approximately 166 types of verbs were examined and 3600 valid tokens collected from the Chinese Word Sketch and Udn.data were coded. Linguistic factors concerned in the two corpus surveys include topicality, discourse familiarity, animacy, definiteness and word length of NPs involved, as well as transitivity and semantic type of the verb at issue.
A VARBRUL program (a logistic regression analysis) was adopted to examine the most parsimonious model to account for the use of LE and ZHE as well as word order choice related to Chinese existentials. The statistic results indicate that semantic type of the verb has the strongest effect on the usage pattern of LE and ZHE in existential constructions, while topicality and discourse familiarity of the NPs play a more influential role in deciding syntactic word order in Chinese existentials.
This data-driven study has successfully identified the significant linguistic factors that account for the aspectual alternation and word order variation in Chinese existentials in the corpora. With the observation of the distributional patterns of the targeted constructions, cognitive motivations that may trigger the formation and realization of existential constructions were recognized, including Iconicity, Economic Principle and Discourse-motivated Priming.

並列關鍵字

word order variation ； aspect marker ； existential construction ； corpus linguistics ； variation analysis

參考文獻

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