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Implicit and Explicit Processes in Motor Learning and Performance

運動學習與表現的內隱與外顯歷程

摘要


知識的獲得可以經由外顯的與內穩的兩種歷程。經由外顯的學習歷程所的知識是可以用語言表達的;經由內隱的學習歷程所獲得的知識是無法或很難用語言表達出來的。這兩種歷程的特性已經引起心理學研究者多年的注意,近年來,在運動科學領域也有一些研究者開始探討運動學習與表現的內隱歷程。本文,透過文獻探討與分析,檢驗外顯的與內隱的歷程在運動技能學習與表現所扮演的角色,以及幾種可能助長內隱學習歷程的方法。此外,與外顯的與內隱的學習歷程有關的因素,如練習時給予學習者的口語指導,以及心理壓力所產生的「自我集中注意」,也加以討論。

並列摘要


Knowledge can be acquired through either an explicit or implicit learning process. Knowledge produced by an explicit learning process is explicit and can be verbalized; on the other hand, knowledge accumulated by way of an implicit learning process is implicit and difficult to be articulated. The distinctive characteristics of these two processes have attracted attention in psychology domain. In motor behavior domain, several researchers, though not many, have examined implicit process in motor learning and performance. This paper, through literature review, examines the roles of implicit and explicit processes in motor learning and discussed several methods proposed to teach motor skills through implicit process. Factors related to the implicit and explicit nature of learning process, e.g., explicit instructions given to learners in practice and level of self-focused attention induced by psychological stress in performance, are also discussed.

參考文獻


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