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老年人相對時宜動作表現與學習的練習變異效應

Effects of Practice Variability on the Relative Timing Motor Performance and Learning of Older Adults

摘要


Motor learning for the older adults plays an important role in the state of their health and quality of life. Previous studies on motor learning showed the significant benefits of practice variability effects on the long-term learning of motor skill, but not the short-term motor skill performance. Thus, central to the research question was: will, due to aging, the benefits of variable practice scheduling effects are the same for the old adults? Independent variable was the high/low degree of variable practice inherent in the scheduling of either variable practice or blocked variable practice. Experimental task was a three-step ”N” shape relative timing tapping movement patters. Thirty-six older adults participants (mean age=66.9±4.7 years) were randomly assigned to one of the variable, blocked variable, and control groups. Each participant practiced 90 trials that lasted two consecutive days. Ten trials were administered respectively for both immediate and delayed retention tests. Variable error (VE) and Absolute error (AE) were adapted as dependent variables. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD method were utilized for statistical analyses. For motor performance in acquisition phase examinations, VE (p<.05, ω^2=0.45) and AE (p<.05, ω^2=0.38) were both statistically different. Post hoc comparisons further showed VE scores of blocked variable practice group was lower than variable practice group, and control group was lower than variable practice group. AE scores of control group were lower than both blocked variable practice and variable practice groups. For immediate retention examinations, VE (p<.05, ω^2=0.22) and AE (p<.05, ω^2=0.15) were both statistically different. Post hoc comparisons further indicated AE and VE scores of control group were both lower than variable practice group. It was suggested that relatively high variability practice scheduling is found no effects on motor performance and its immediate retention in both stability and accuracy of older adults.

並列摘要


Motor learning for the older adults plays an important role in the state of their health and quality of life. Previous studies on motor learning showed the significant benefits of practice variability effects on the long-term learning of motor skill, but not the short-term motor skill performance. Thus, central to the research question was: will, due to aging, the benefits of variable practice scheduling effects are the same for the old adults? Independent variable was the high/low degree of variable practice inherent in the scheduling of either variable practice or blocked variable practice. Experimental task was a three-step ”N” shape relative timing tapping movement patters. Thirty-six older adults participants (mean age=66.9±4.7 years) were randomly assigned to one of the variable, blocked variable, and control groups. Each participant practiced 90 trials that lasted two consecutive days. Ten trials were administered respectively for both immediate and delayed retention tests. Variable error (VE) and Absolute error (AE) were adapted as dependent variables. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD method were utilized for statistical analyses. For motor performance in acquisition phase examinations, VE (p<.05, ω^2=0.45) and AE (p<.05, ω^2=0.38) were both statistically different. Post hoc comparisons further showed VE scores of blocked variable practice group was lower than variable practice group, and control group was lower than variable practice group. AE scores of control group were lower than both blocked variable practice and variable practice groups. For immediate retention examinations, VE (p<.05, ω^2=0.22) and AE (p<.05, ω^2=0.15) were both statistically different. Post hoc comparisons further indicated AE and VE scores of control group were both lower than variable practice group. It was suggested that relatively high variability practice scheduling is found no effects on motor performance and its immediate retention in both stability and accuracy of older adults.

參考文獻


林靜兒、卓俊伶、張智惠、謝扶成(2003)。兒童在相對時宜工作的參數學習:檢驗練習變異假說。台灣運動心理學報。2,47-60。
Aiken, L. R.(1989).Later life.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Anshel, M. H.,A. C. Ostrow (ed.)(1989).Aging and motor behavior.Indianapolis, IN:Benchmark Press.
Birren, J. E.,Wood, A. M.,Williams, M. V.,L. W. Poon (Ed.)(1980).Aging in the 1980s: Selected contemporary issues in the psychology of aging.Washington, D. C.:American Psychological Association.
Brady, F.(1998).A theoretical and empirical review of the contextual interference effect and the learning of motor skills.Quest.50,266-293.

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葉俊良(2006)。自我控制回饋對老年人空間性動作表現, 學習及錯誤估計之效應〔碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=U0021-2304200714435328
林靜兒(2006)。老年人的變異練習效應: 自我控制與動作技能水準〔博士論文,國立臺灣師範大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=U0021-0712200716140533
梁嘉音(2012)。籃球罰球投籃之特定技能效應〔博士論文,國立臺灣師範大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=U0021-1610201315313018

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