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監督與控制-清初(1644~1722)地方官學教育的實質內涵

Supervision and Domination: the Substantial Contents of Local Official School Education in Early Ching Times (1644~1722)

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摘要


明清的朝代遞嬗對儒學學者產生巨大的衝擊,驅策著他們對傳統文化與政制進行深入的反省,順應著明末的學術風氣,學者們對教育、考試與思潮都提出許多主張。然而,從順治到康熙的清初政府對學者們的意見卻少有回應,在地方官學教育政策上,完全繼續著明代專制政治的發展,以學校為統治機器的一環,其實質內涵即為「監督與控制」,從教師、生員到學術思想莫不如此,教師的地位和職責、學生的陶養、學校的課程等諸多事項的革新,都不是政府教育施政的重點。特別在學術思想上,康熙帝大力提倡他偏好的程朱理學,壓制挑戰權威的陽明心學,使明末的多樣思想不再、議政之風不存,士人汲汲於科舉,節義經綸之事無與於其身。本文試著整理學者們對學校教育的意見,並對比清初政府的教育施政,希能瞭解二者的互動關係,以掌握專制政治下的教育內涵。

並列摘要


The Manchu won regime in 1644 was a great shock to scholars of Confucianism. Thereupon they proceeded depth introspection to traditional culture and institution. However, the government of Ching was rare respond to opinion of these scholars. Especially for educational policy, suggestion of scholars didn't develop a great influence. This research that aims at educational policy has following three themes:First, realize teacher of inspect and student of supervise in early Ching times government. Second, explore curriculum and examinational system. Finally, interpret the significance of promote Ch'eng-Chu(程朱) school's Doctrine in early Ching times. This research attempts to discuss that Ching as an autocratic government how to dominate educational system.

參考文獻


允祿。康熙御製文集。台北:學生書局。
王士禛。池北偶談。北京:中華書局。
王守仁。王陽明全集。台北:宏業書局。
王家儉(1994)。清史研究論藪。台北:文史哲出版社。
申時行。萬曆大明會典。新文豐出版公司。

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