從客體到主體：台灣原住民族法制與權利的發展

From Object to Subject: The Development of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples' Laws and Rights

蔡志偉(Awi Mona Chih-Wei Tsai)

《臺大法學論叢》 40卷S期 (2011/10) Pp. 1499-1550

https://doi.org/10.6199/NTULJ.2011.40.SP.03

摘要

回顧台灣原住民族的發展歷史，外來政權的墾殖造成部落傳統組織的崩解、土地規範體系的瓦解，政策性的集團移住，斷絕原住民族與土地、傳統領域與自然資源間的守護關係。當代原住民族在「科學與文明」以及「進步與發展」兩種願景交織下，面臨了許多的權利衝突與法律歧視。自1980年代以降，由聯合國所帶動的原住民族人權發展，多年來已成為國內外深受重視之議題。2005年2月5日立法公布施行《原住民族基本法》，促使我國對於原住民族權利與傳統文化之保護法制，邁向新的里程碑，值得關心其後續發展。綜觀《原住民族基本法》之立法背景、目的及內容，當代原住民族權利的法律地位與發展，實係建構在三項立法原則之上，包括「糾正過去之惡」、「多元文化與實質平等的實現」、「原住民族自主、自治與自決的發展」。原住民族法律與權利國家法化所挑戰的是原住民族權利在現代國家架構下的發展空間。因此，本文在多元視野中的後殖民國際法治形成的過程，檢視原住民族傳統文化實踐與發展在國際人權潮流發展下的條件、跨越國界的交流機會，以及所欲尋回的傳統和所欲發展的未來又能帶來什麼契機，而後回歸台灣因應國際原住民族文化權發展的策略影響，據以分析未來可能之發展。

關鍵字

原住民族基本法 ； 原住民族傳統習慣法律 ； 文化權 ； 特殊權利 ； 自治

並列摘要

Retrospectively speaking, the successive colonial regimes' settlements had disintegrated tribal traditional organization, disrupted customary land tenures. Further, policy-oriented removal had broken off the interdependent ties of indigenous peoples, traditional territory and natural resources. Modern indigenous peoples entwined with the ideals of ”science and civilization” and ”progress and development” are confronted with numerous rights conflicts and legal discriminations.In the contexts of Indigenous Peoples Basic Law, the act affirmed the legal statuses of contemporary indigenous rights are based upon the ideas of collectivity and sui generis rights, which aimed at the correction of the past wrongs, the realization of multiculturalism and substantial equality, and the implementation of indigenous autonomy, self-government and self-determination.The legalization of indigenous laws and rights are up against the modern state's sovereign framework. Thus, this paper is purported to the active development and presentation of indigenous traditional values, institutions and processes in the contexts of post-colonial state building. Additionally, with the advent of international human rights trend and transnational interdependent networks, this paper aims to stimulate and promote the expression of indigenous values and institutional concepts present in the legal framework of Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

Indigenous Peoples Basic Law ； indigenous customary laws ； cultural rights ； sui generis ； self-government