後腦勺朝向所引發的注意力轉移效果

轉移自身注意力至他人所關注之處可提供重要訊息，例如存在於周遭環境之危險或獎賞。過去研究指出社會線索（例如眼睛凝視方向或正面臉所朝之方向）會引發共同注意，使觀察者將其注意力轉移至社會線索所朝向的位置。然而，先前的研究僅探討正面型式的社會線索，卻沒有證據指出當觀察者與他人之間沒有潛在互動的可能性時，其注意力是否也會被導引至相對應的位置。因此此研究目的在於檢驗若僅觀看他人後腦勺方向，是否能轉移觀看者的注意力。實驗藉由Posner 線索派典，分別使用他人後腦勺影像作為閾上以及閾下線索，接著於後腦勺朝向（有效線索）或非朝向（無效線索）之位置呈現傾斜光柵作為目標物，實驗參與者的作業為使用左手或右手按鍵判斷該目標物之傾斜方向。研究結果發現，無論實驗參與者是否能主觀知覺到方向線索的存在，後腦勺方向皆能將觀看者的注意力導引至相對應的位置，並於線索至目標物間的時間間隔延長時，出現反向效果。此外，後腦勺方向不僅能轉移觀看者的注意力，同時還能提升其同側手的反應。此研究拓展過去對於社會線索的定義：身為高度社會化的物種，即便與其他人間沒有面對面的互動，他人背影方向仍能引發觀看者的共同注意力，並且使其及早做好準備以因應接下來可能需要執行的動作。

關鍵字

注意力轉移；提示效果；迴向抑制；賽門效果；覺察；後腦勺

並列摘要

Orienting your attention toward where another is looking at can provide you with important information about the environment. Social cues such as gaze or head orientation induce observers’ joint attention. But previous studies have used only front-view social cues, and little is known about whether joint attention is also triggered without face-to-face interaction. We test this by using the Posner paradigm. The cue, supraliminal/subliminal back of head, was followed by the target, which appeared on the faced-toward (valid) or the faced-away (invalid) side. Regardless of the cue visibility, we found a facilitatory cueing effect (faster RTs for valid-cue trials), inhibition of return (the reversed pattern), and the spatial Simon effect (faster RTs with congruent cued-side and response-hand). The current study expands the realm of social cues: Being a highly socialized species, even without face-to-face interaction, observers’ joint attention and action preparation can be triggered by viewing the back of others’ heads.

並列關鍵字

attentional orientin ； cueing effect ； inhibition of return ； Simon effect ； awareness ； back of head

參考文獻

Batki, A., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Connellan, J., & Ahluwalia, J. (2000). Is there an innate gaze module? Evidence from human neonates. Infant Behavior & Development, 23, 223-229.

Bayliss, A. P. & Tipper, S. P. (2005). Gaze and arrow cueing of attention reveals individual differences along the autism spectrum as a function of target context. British Journal of Psychology, 96, 95-114.

Campbell, R., Heywood, C. A., Cowey, A., Regard, M., & Landis, T. (1990). Sensitivity to eye gaze in prosopagnosic patients and monkeys with superior temporal sulcus ablation. Neuropsychologia, 28, 1123-1142.

Danziger, S., & Kingstone, A. (1999). Unmasking the inhibition of return phenomenon. Perception & Psychophysics, 61, 1024-1037.

Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Cohen, L., Le Bihan, D., Mangin, J. F., Poline, J. B. Riviere, D. (2001). Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 752-758.

國際替代計量

後腦勺朝向所引發的注意力轉移效果

全文下載

主題瀏覽